Free math worksheets

- Recall the basic derivative pair for sine and cosine. - Pay attention to which formula carries a negative sign.

1. The derivative of \(\sin x\) is \(\cos x\). 2. The derivative of \(\cos x\) is \(-\sin x\).

a) \(f'(x)=\cos x\) b) \(g'(x)=-\sin x\)

- Use the basic derivative formula for the natural exponential function. - Use the basic derivative formula for the natural logarithm on its positive domain. - Evaluate the derivative formulas at the requested inputs.

1. Since \(f'(x)=e^x\), \(f'(0)=e^0=1\). 2. Since \(g'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), \(g'(1)=1\).

a) \(f'(0)=1\) b) \(g'(1)=1\)

- Recall how the derivative of \(a^x\) differs from the special case \(e^x\). - Recall the derivative formula for a logarithm with a base other than \(e\). - Keep the base-dependent constant factor in each derivative.

1. For a general exponential base, \(\frac{d}{dx}(a^x)=a^x\ln a\), so \(\frac{d}{dx}(7^x)=7^x\ln 7\). 2. For a general logarithm base, \(\frac{d}{dx}(\log_a x)=\frac{1}{x\ln a}\), so \(\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{x\ln 5}\) for \(x>0\).

a) \(7^x\ln 7\) b) \(\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{x\ln 5}\), for \(x>0\)

- Differentiate each term separately. - Recall the derivative of cosine. - Use the exact value of \(\sin\pi\). - Keep the final result exact.

1. Differentiate each term: \(f'(x)=4x+4\sin x+\frac{2}{\pi}\). 2. Evaluate at \(x=\pi\): \(f'(\pi)=4\pi+4\sin\pi+\frac{2}{\pi}\). Since \(\sin\pi=0\), \(f'(\pi)=4\pi+\frac{2}{\pi}\).

\(f'(x)=4x+4\sin x+\frac{2}{\pi}\); \(f'(\pi)=4\pi+\frac{2}{\pi}\)

- Differentiate sine and cosine carefully. - Track the sign when differentiating \(-2\cos x\). - Use unit-circle values at \(\frac{\pi}{2}\). - Simplify the polynomial term after substitution.

1. Differentiate each term: \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{2}\cos x+2\sin x+\frac{2}{\pi}x\). 2. Evaluate at \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}\): \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)+2\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)+\frac{2}{\pi}\cdot\frac{\pi}{2}\). Using \(\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=0\) and \(\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=1\), \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=3\).

\(f'(x)=\frac{1}{2}\cos x+2\sin x+\frac{2}{\pi}x\); \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=3\)

- Differentiate each term separately. - Recall the derivatives of sine and cosine. - Treat numerical expressions such as \(\sin\pi\) as constants. - A constant denominator can be treated as a constant factor.

1. Apply the sum, difference, and constant multiple rules. 2. For part a, \(f'(x)=\frac{3\cos x+\sin x}{4}\). 3. For part b, \(f'(x)=10x+3\pi\cos x\). 4. For part c, \(f'(x)=2(3x^2+\sin x)=6x^2+2\sin x\). 5. Since \(\sin\pi=0\), part d simplifies to \(f(x)=-\cos x\). Therefore, \(f'(x)=\sin x\).

a) \(f'(x)=\frac{3\cos x+\sin x}{4}\) b) \(f'(x)=10x+3\pi\cos x\) c) \(f'(x)=6x^2+2\sin x\) d) \(f'(x)=\sin x\)

- Track the sign when differentiating cosine. - Constant terms disappear under differentiation. - Keep constant factors. - Evaluate \(\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)\) before differentiating.

1. For part a, \(f'(x)=x^3+\sqrt{2}\sin x\). 2. For part b, \(f'(x)=3(\cos x-4)=3\cos x-12\). 3. Rewrite part c as \(\frac{1}{3}\sin x+4\). Then \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{3}\cos x\). 4. Since \(\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\), part d is \(\frac{1}{2}x^2+\sin x\). Therefore, \(f'(x)=x+\cos x\).

a) \(f'(x)=x^3+\sqrt{2}\sin x\) b) \(f'(x)=3\cos x-12\) c) \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{3}\cos x\) d) \(f'(x)=x+\cos x\)

- Differentiate every function before using the answer choices. - Treat the polynomial and trigonometric terms separately. - Check the sign change when differentiating cosine and keep constant factors attached to trig terms.

1. Differentiate \(f\) term by term: \(f'(x)=6x^2-\cos x=C(x)\). 2. Differentiate \(g\) term by term: \(g'(x)=12x^3-\sin x=B(x)\). 3. Differentiate \(h\) term by term: \(h'(x)=4-2\cos x=A(x)\).

\(f\to C\), \(g\to B\), \(h\to A\)

- Think about the end behavior of the basic exponential graph. - What values can \(e^x\) take? - Recall the derivative of the natural exponential function. - What algebraic condition characterizes origin symmetry? - Compare a horizontal change inside the exponent with a vertical change outside the exponential expression.

1. As \(x\to-\infty\), \(e^x\to0\), so statement a is true. 2. Since \(e^x>0\) for every real \(x\), \(e^x+2>2\). Therefore, \(g\) has no real zeros, so statement b is false. 3. Because \(f'(x)=e^x\), the slope at \(x=0\) is \(f'(0)=e^0=1\). Statement c is true. 4. Origin symmetry would require \(f(-x)=-f(x)\), but \(e^{-x}\ne-e^x\). Statement d is false. 5. Replacing \(x\) with \(x-2\) shifts the graph \(2\) units right. Statement e is true.

a) True b) False c) True d) False e) True

- The derivative gives the tangent slope. - Parallel lines have equal slopes. - Set the derivative equal to \(1.5\). - Use the unit circle to solve the cosine equation.

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=3\cos x\). Thus, \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)=3\cdot\frac{1}{2}=1.5\). 2. A parallel tangent must have slope \(1.5\), so \(3\cos x=1.5\). Therefore, \(\cos x=\frac{1}{2}\). In \([0, 2\pi]\), the solutions are \(x=\frac{\pi}{3}\) and \(x=\frac{5\pi}{3}\).

1. The slope is \(1.5\). 2. \(x=\frac{\pi}{3}\) and \(x=\frac{5\pi}{3}\)

- The argument of a logarithm must be positive. - Use the product property of logarithms. - Move an exponent in front of a logarithm. - Recall the derivative of \(\ln x\).

1. The logarithm requires \(x^5e^3>0\). Since \(e^3>0\), this is equivalent to \(x^5>0\), so \(x>0\). Therefore, \(D_f=(0, \infty)\). 2. Use the product and power properties: \(f(x)=\ln(x^5)+\ln(e^3)=5\ln x+3\). 3. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\frac{5}{x}\).

a) \(D_f=(0, \infty)\) b) \(f(x)=5\ln x+3\) c) \(f'(x)=\frac{5}{x}\)

- Determine when \(5x^4\) is positive. - Split the logarithm of a product into a sum. - Use absolute value when rewriting \(\ln(x^4)\) for a domain containing negative inputs. - Recall the derivative of \(\ln|x|\).

1. The logarithm requires \(5x^4>0\). Since \(x^4>0\) exactly when \(x\ne0\), \(D_f=\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\). 2. Use the product and power properties, accounting for negative values of \(x\): \(f(x)=\ln5+\ln(x^4)=\ln5+4\ln|x|\). 3. Differentiate on the domain: \(f'(x)=\frac{4}{x}\).

1. \(D_f=\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\) 2. \(f(x)=\ln5+4\ln|x|\) 3. \(f'(x)=\frac{4}{x}\)

- Combine the square-root and logarithm domain restrictions. - Rewrite the square root as a fractional power. - Use the quotient property of logarithms. - Recall that \(\ln(e^2)=2\).

1. The square root requires \(x\ge0\), and the logarithm’s argument must be strictly positive. Therefore, \(x>0\), so \(D_g=(0, \infty)\). 2. Use quotient and power properties: \(g(x)=\ln(\sqrt{x})-\ln(e^2)=\frac{1}{2}\ln x-2\). 3. Differentiate: \(g'(x)=\frac{1}{2x}\).

1. \(D_g=(0, \infty)\) 2. \(g(x)=\frac{1}{2}\ln x-2\) 3. \(g'(x)=\frac{1}{2x}\)

- Split the logarithm of a product into a sum. - Simplify \(\ln(e^{3x})\). - Differentiate the logarithmic and linear terms separately.

1. Use logarithm properties: \(f(x)=\ln(x^2)+\ln(e^{3x})=2\ln x+3x\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\frac{2}{x}+3\).

\(f'(x)=\frac{2}{x}+3\)

- Combine the restrictions from the root, denominator, and logarithm. - Use the quotient property of logarithms. - Rewrite the fourth root as a fractional power. - Recall \(\ln(e^2)=2\).

1. The fourth root is in the denominator and the logarithm’s input must be positive, so \(x>0\). Thus, \(D_g=(0, \infty)\). 2. Simplify: \(g(x)=\ln(e^2)-\ln(x^{1/4})=2-\frac{1}{4}\ln x\). Differentiate: \(g'(x)=-\frac{1}{4x}\).

1. \(D_g=(0, \infty)\) 2. \(g'(x)=-\frac{1}{4x}\)

- A constant added outside a function creates a vertical shift. - Differentiate the logarithm and the added constant separately. - For the tangent line, combine the function value and derivative value at \(x=1\).

1. Adding \(3\) shifts the graph of \(y=\ln x\) upward by \(3\) units. 2. The derivative of \(\ln x\) is \(\frac1x\), and the constant has derivative \(0\), so \(f'(x)=\frac1x\). 3. At \(x=1\), \(f(1)=3\) and \(f'(1)=1\). The tangent line is \(y-3=x-1\), or \(y=x+2\).

a) Shift the graph of \(y=\ln x\) up \(3\) units. b) \(f'(x)=\frac1x\) c) \(y=x+2\)

- Differentiate using the sum and constant multiple rules. - Recall the derivatives of sine and cosine. - Use exact unit-circle values at the two inputs. - The derivative value is the graph’s slope.

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=3\cos x+2\sin x\). 2. At \(x=0\), \(f'(0)=3\). 3. At \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}\), \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=2\).

At \(x=0\), the slope is \(3\). At \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}\), the slope is \(2\).

- Differentiate first. - Substitute each candidate input into the derivative. - Use exact unit-circle values. - Select the inputs where the derivative equals \(1\).

1. Differentiate: \(h'(x)=\cos x-\sin x\). 2. Evaluate at the four inputs: \(h'(0)=1\), \(h'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=-1\), \(h'(\pi)=-1\), and \(h'\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}\right)=1\). Therefore, the tangent slope is \(1\) at \(x=0\) and \(x=\frac{3\pi}{2}\).

\(x=0\) and \(x=\frac{3\pi}{2}\)

- Recall the derivatives of sine and cosine. - A constant factor remains as a multiplier. - In part b, track both negative signs carefully.

1. For part a, use \(\frac{d}{dx}(\sin x)=\cos x\): \(f'(x)=12\cos x\). 2. For part b, use \(\frac{d}{dx}(\cos x)=-\sin x\): \(f'(x)=-\frac{3}{4}(-\sin x)=\frac{3}{4}\sin x\).

a) \(f'(x)=12\cos x\) b) \(f'(x)=\frac{3}{4}\sin x\)

- Recall the derivative of the sine function. - Evaluate the derivative at \(x=0\). - Use the given point and slope to write the tangent line.

1. The point lies on the graph because \(f(0)=0\). 2. Since \(f'(x)=\cos x\), the tangent slope is \(f'(0)=1\). 3. A line through the origin with slope \(1\) has equation \(y=x\).

\(y=x\)

- Differentiate both functions first. - Use slope and intercepts to identify the linear derivative. - Use the sign just to the right of \(x=0\) to distinguish the sine graphs.

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=2x-3\) and \(g'(x)=-2\sin x\). 2. The graph of \(f'\) is a line with slope \(2\), y-intercept \(-3\), and x-intercept \(1.5\), so it is graph (1). 3. The graph of \(g'\) is a sine curve with amplitude \(2\), reflected across the x-axis. It passes through the origin and is negative immediately to the right, so it is graph (2).

Graph (1) represents \(f'\), and graph (2) represents \(g'\).

- Set the function equal to zero and isolate the exponential expression. - Apply the natural logarithm. - Differentiate the exponential function using the chain rule.

1. Set \(h(x)=0\): \(3-e^{x-1}=0\), so \(e^{x-1}=3\). 2. Taking natural logarithms gives \(x-1=\ln(3)\), so the \(x\)-intercept is \((1+\ln(3), 0)\). 3. Differentiate: \(h'(x)=-e^{x-1}\).

\(x\)-intercept: \((1+\ln(3), 0)\); \(h'(x)=-e^{x-1}\)

- Identify which general-base derivative formula applies to each function before substituting the input value. - Keep the logarithm of the base in the derivative formula. - Round only after evaluating the exact derivative expression.

1. Use \(\frac{d}{dx}(a^x)=a^x\ln a\). Then \(f'(2)=3^2\ln 3=9\ln 3\approx9.888\). 2. Use \(\frac{d}{dx}(\log_a x)=\frac{1}{x\ln a}\). Then \(g'(8)=\frac{1}{8\ln 2}\approx0.180\).

a) \(9.888\) b) \(0.180\)

- The derivative gives the tangent slope. - Parallel lines have equal slopes; perpendicular nonvertical lines have slopes whose product is \(-1\). - Use unit-circle values and periodicity. - Substitute each x-coordinate into the original function.

1. The derivative is \(f'(x)=-\sin x\). 2. In part a, a parallel tangent must have slope \(-\frac{1}{2}\). Thus, \(-\sin x=-\frac{1}{2}\), so \(\sin x=\frac{1}{2}\). The solutions are \(x=\frac{\pi}{6}+2k\pi\) or \(x=\frac{5\pi}{6}+2k\pi\), where \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\). The corresponding y-coordinates are \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) and \(-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\). 3. In part b, a line perpendicular to \(y=x\) has slope \(-1\). Thus, \(-\sin x=-1\), so \(\sin x=1\). Therefore, \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}+2k\pi\), and the y-coordinate is \(0\).

a) \(\left(\frac{\pi}{6}+2k\pi, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)\) and \(\left(\frac{5\pi}{6}+2k\pi, -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)\), where \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\) b) \(\left(\frac{\pi}{2}+2k\pi, 0\right)\), where \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\)

- Differentiate using the constant multiple rule. - Set the derivative equal to the given slope. - Use the unit circle and periodicity to solve the trigonometric equation. - Substitute the inputs into the original function for the y-coordinates.

1. Differentiate: \(g'(x)=2\cos x\). 2. Set the derivative equal to the required slope: \(2\cos x=\sqrt{2}\), so \(\cos x=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\). Therefore, \(x=\frac{\pi}{4}+2k\pi\) or \(x=-\frac{\pi}{4}+2k\pi\), where \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\). 3. Evaluate \(g\): \(g\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=\sqrt{2}\) and \(g\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=-\sqrt{2}\).

\(\left(\frac{\pi}{4}+2k\pi, \sqrt{2}\right)\) and \(\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}+2k\pi, -\sqrt{2}\right)\), where \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\)

- The derivative gives the tangent slope. - Use the exact cosine value at \(\frac{2\pi}{3}\). - Write the line in point-slope form. - Keep all angle measures in radians.

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\cos x\). 2. The tangent slope is \(m=f'\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)=\cos\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)=-\frac{1}{2}\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}=-\frac{1}{2}\left(x-\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)\). Simplifying gives \(y=-\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{\pi}{3}+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\).

\(y=-\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{\pi}{3}+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)

- Evaluate the function to find the point of tangency. - Differentiate using the constant multiple rule. - Use the exact sine and cosine values at \(\frac{\pi}{6}\). - Write the tangent line in point-slope form.

1. Find the point of tangency: \(g\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right)=2\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right)=\sqrt{3}\). 2. Differentiate: \(g'(x)=-2\sin x\). The tangent slope is \(g'\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right)=-2\cdot\frac{1}{2}=-1\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y-\sqrt{3}=-\left(x-\frac{\pi}{6}\right)\). Therefore, \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{6}+\sqrt{3}\).

\(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{6}+\sqrt{3}\)

- Evaluate the function and derivative at the given input. - Use point-slope form for the tangent line. - The derivative value is the tangent slope. - Choose the angle of inclination in the interval \([0^\circ, 180^\circ)\).

1. Evaluate the function: \(f\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=0-2=-2\). Thus, the point is \(\left(\frac{\pi}{2}, -2\right)\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=-\sin x-2\cos x\). The tangent slope is \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=-1\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y+2=-\left(x-\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\). Therefore, \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{2}-2\). 4. The angle of inclination is measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis and satisfies \(\tan\alpha=-1\). Thus, \(\alpha=135^\circ\).

Tangent line: \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{2}-2\) Angle of inclination: \(135^\circ\)

- Set the two function values equal to find the intersection. - Use the sine and cosine derivative formulas for the tangent slopes. - Convert each slope to its inclination angle in \([0^\circ,180^\circ)\). - Use the smaller difference of the inclination angles and the requested precision.

1. At an intersection, \(2\sin x=2\cos x\). On \([0,\pi]\), this gives \(x=\frac{\pi}{4}\), with y-coordinate \(\sqrt{2}\). Thus, \(S=\left(\frac{\pi}{4},\sqrt{2}\right)\). 2. The derivatives are \(f'(x)=2\cos x\) and \(g'(x)=-2\sin x\). At \(S\), the slopes are \(\sqrt{2}\) and \(-\sqrt{2}\). 3. Therefore, \(\alpha=\arctan(\sqrt{2})\approx54.74^\circ\) and \(\beta=180^\circ-54.74^\circ\approx125.26^\circ\). 4. The smaller intersection angle is \(\gamma=\beta-\alpha\approx70.53^\circ\).

a) \(S=\left(\frac{\pi}{4},\sqrt{2}\right)\) b) \(\alpha\approx54.74^\circ\); \(\beta\approx125.26^\circ\) c) \(\gamma\approx70.53^\circ\)

- Evaluate the function and derivative at the given input. - Use point-slope form. - Relate the derivative value to the tangent slope. - Give the inclination angle in \([0^\circ, 180^\circ)\).

1. The point of tangency is \(\left(\frac{\pi}{2}, 1\right)\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\cos x-\sin x\). The slope at \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}\) is \(-1\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y-1=-\left(x-\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\). Therefore, \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{2}+1\). 4. Since the slope is \(-1\), the angle of inclination is \(135^\circ\).

Tangent line: \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{2}+1\) Angle of inclination: \(135^\circ\)

- Evaluate the function to find the point. - Differentiate cosine and keep the constant factor. - Use point-slope form for the tangent line. - A slope of \(-\sqrt{3}\) has an inclination angle in the second quadrant.

1. Evaluate the function: \(g\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)=2\cdot\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)+1=0\). Thus, the point is \(\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}, 0\right)\). 2. Differentiate: \(g'(x)=-2\sin x\). The tangent slope is \(g'\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)=-\sqrt{3}\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y=-\sqrt{3}\left(x-\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)\). Therefore, \(y=-\sqrt{3}x+\frac{2\pi\sqrt{3}}{3}\). 4. The standard angle of inclination in \([0^\circ, 180^\circ)\) is \(120^\circ\).

Tangent line: \(y=-\sqrt{3}x+\frac{2\pi\sqrt{3}}{3}\) Angle of inclination: \(120^\circ\)

- Evaluate the function at the given input. - Use the derivative to find the tangent slope. - The normal slope is the negative reciprocal of the tangent slope. - Write both lines in point-slope form.

1. Find the point: \(f(\pi)=2\cos\pi+\pi=\pi-2\). Thus, \(P=(\pi, \pi-2)\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=-2\sin x+1\). The tangent slope is \(f'(\pi)=1\). Therefore, the tangent line is \(y-(\pi-2)=x-\pi\), or \(y=x-2\). 3. The normal slope is \(-1\). Thus, \(y-(\pi-2)=-(x-\pi)\), or \(y=-x+2\pi-2\).

Tangent line: \(y=x-2\) Normal line: \(y=-x+2\pi-2\)

- Evaluate the function to locate the point. - Differentiate sine and cosine carefully. - Use the derivative value as the tangent slope. - Use the negative reciprocal for the normal slope.

1. Evaluate the function: \(f\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=1\). Thus, the point is \(\left(\frac{\pi}{2}, 1\right)\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\cos x+\sin x\). The tangent slope is \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=1\). Therefore, the tangent line is \(y-1=x-\frac{\pi}{2}\), or \(y=x-\frac{\pi}{2}+1\). 3. The normal slope is \(-1\). Thus, \(y-1=-\left(x-\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\), or \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{2}+1\).

Tangent line: \(y=x-\frac{\pi}{2}+1\) Normal line: \(y=-x+\frac{\pi}{2}+1\)

- What is the point-slope formula for a tangent line at \(x=x_0\)? - What form does an equation of a line through the origin have? - Recall the derivative rule for \(a^x\). - Compare the slope of \(e^x\) at each point with the function value there.

1. Since \(f(0)=e^0=1\) and \(f'(x)=e^x\), the slope at \(x=0\) is \(f'(0)=1\). Using point-slope form, \(y-1=1(x-0)\), so the tangent line is \(y=x+1\). 2. At \(x=1\), \(f(1)=e\) and \(f'(1)=e\). The tangent line is \(y-e=e(x-1)\), which simplifies to \(y=ex\). Because this line contains \((0, 0)\), it passes through the origin. 3. For \(f(x)=e^x\), the derivative is the function itself: \(f'(x)=e^x=f(x)\). For a different base, \(a^x\), the derivative is \(\ln(a)a^x\). Only when \(a=e\) is the factor \(\ln(a)\) equal to \(1\).

a) \(y=x+1\) b) The tangent line is \(y=ex\), so it passes through \((0, 0)\). c) The base \(e\) is the unique positive base for which the derivative of \(e^x\) equals \(e^x\) itself.

- Substitute each value of \(a\) and the given value of \(h\) carefully into the difference quotient. - Compare both approximate slopes with \(1\). - Recall the derivative rule for \(a^x\) and consider what happens when \(\ln(a)=1\). - Which differentiation rule applies to \(e^{2x+5}\)?

1. For \(a=2\), \(\frac{2^{0.0001}-1}{0.0001}\approx0.6932\). 2. For \(a=3\), \(\frac{3^{0.0001}-1}{0.0001}\approx1.0987\). 3. In general, \(\frac{d}{dx}a^x=\ln(a)a^x\). Because \(\ln(e)=1\), differentiating an exponential with base \(e\) does not introduce an additional base-dependent factor. Applying the chain rule gives \(f'(x)=2e^{2x+5}\).

a) For base \(2\), the slope is approximately \(0.6932\). For base \(3\), the slope is approximately \(1.0987\). b) Since \(\frac{d}{dx}e^x=e^x\), only the derivative of the exponent contributes an additional factor. Thus, \(f'(x)=2e^{2x+5}\).

- Substitute a convenient x-value to check the proposed intersection. - What graph transformation is represented by replacing \(x\) with \(-x\)? - Compare the signs of the derivatives of the two functions. - Use exponent rules to simplify the product of the function expressions. - Distinguish between behavior as \(x\to\infty\) and as \(x\to-\infty\).

1. Since \(f(0)=e^0=1\) and \(g(0)=e^{-0}=1\), both graphs contain \((0, 1)\). Statement 1 is true. 2. Because \(g(x)=f(-x)\), the graph of \(g\) is the reflection of the graph of \(f\) across the y-axis, not the x-axis. Statement 2 is false. 3. The derivatives are \(f'(x)=e^x>0\) and \(g'(x)=-e^{-x}<0\) for every real \(x\). Their slopes can never be equal. Statement 3 is false. 4. Using exponent rules, \(h(x)=e^xe^{-x}=e^0=1\). The graph of \(h(x)=1\) is horizontal. Statement 4 is true. 5. As \(x\to\infty\), \(e^x\to\infty\), while \(e^{-x}\to0\). Only the graph of \(g\) approaches the x-axis. Statement 5 is false.

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False

- Find both \(f(-1)\) and \(f'(-1)\). - Use point-slope form for the tangent line. - Keep \(e\) symbolic in the exact equation. - Use the inverse tangent of the slope to find the angle.

1. Find the point of tangency: \(f(-1)=10e^{-1}+1=\frac{10}{e}+1\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=10e^x+2x\). The slope at \(x=-1\) is \(m=f'(-1)=\frac{10}{e}-2\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y-\left(\frac{10}{e}+1\right)=\left(\frac{10}{e}-2\right)(x+1)\). Simplifying gives \(y=\left(\frac{10}{e}-2\right)x+\frac{20}{e}-1\). 4. The angle of inclination satisfies \(\tan\theta=m\). Therefore, \(\theta=\arctan\left(\frac{10}{e}-2\right)\approx 59.2^\circ\).

Tangent line: \(y=\left(\frac{10}{e}-2\right)x+\frac{20}{e}-1\) Angle of inclination: \(\theta\approx 59.2^\circ\)

- Use the basic derivative formulas for \(e^x\) and \(\ln x\). - Check a claimed intercept by substitution. - Connect a positive first derivative with increasing behavior. - Treat a vertical translation as a change in output values, not in derivative structure.

1. The constant-multiple rule gives \(g'(x)=3e^x\), so statement a is true. 2. Since \(h(0)=e^0-1=0\), the graph contains \((0,0)\). Statement b is true. 3. Since \(f'(x)=e^x>0\) for every real \(x\), \(f\) is strictly increasing. Statement c is true. 4. For \(x>0\), \(q'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), not \(\ln x\). Statement d is false. 5. The range of \(e^x\) is \((0,\infty)\). Shifting down \(5\) units gives \((-5,\infty)\). Statement e is true.

a) True b) True c) True d) False e) True

- Use the point-slope form of a tangent line. - Find both the function value and derivative value at \(x=0\). - A point on the tangent line must satisfy its equation. - Express the tangent slope and y-intercept in terms of \(k\).

1. Differentiate: \(f_k'(x)=ke^x-1\). 2. At \(x=0\), \(f_k(0)=k\) and \(f_k'(0)=k-1\). 3. The tangent line is \(y=(k-1)x+k\). 4. Substitute \((2, 5)\): \(5=2(k-1)+k\). 5. Solve \(5=3k-2\) to obtain \(k=\frac{7}{3}\).

a) \(f_k'(x)=ke^x-1\) b) \(k=\frac{7}{3}\)

- Use the chain rule for an exponential function with \(2x\) in the exponent. - Write the tangent equation at \(x=0\). - Negative slope gives a sign condition on \(k\). - Reverse an inequality when multiplying by a negative quantity. - Set the tangent equation equal to \(0\) to find its x-intercept.

1. Differentiate twice: \(f_k'(x)=2ke^{2x}\) and \(f_k''(x)=4ke^{2x}\). Therefore, \(f_k''(0)=4k\). 2. At \(x=0\), the point is \((0, k-4)\) and the slope is \(2k\). The tangent line is \(y=2kx+k-4\). 3. Negative slope requires \(k<0\). 4. The x-intercept is \(x=\frac{4-k}{2k}\). Require \(\frac{4-k}{2k}<-1\). 5. Because \(2k<0\), multiplying reverses the inequality: \(4-k>-2k\), so \(k>-4\). 6. Combining the conditions gives \(-4<k<0\).

a) \(f_k''(0)=4k\) b) \(-4<k<0\)

- Compare the outputs as the x-values increase. - For consecutive x-values, how is the ratio of the outputs related to the base? - Substitute one point after finding \(a\) to determine \(b\). - Use \(a=e^{\ln(a)}\) to rewrite the function. - Apply the chain rule to differentiate \(e^{kx}\).

1. The function value increases from \(45\) at \(x=1\) to \(135\) at \(x=2\), so the function represents exponential growth. 2. Increasing \(x\) by \(1\) multiplies the output by \(a\). Therefore, \(a=\frac{135}{45}=3\). 3. Substitute \((1, 45)\): \(45=b\cdot3\), so \(b=15\). Thus, \(f(x)=15\cdot3^x\). 4. Since \(3=e^{\ln(3)}\), \(f(x)=15e^{x\ln(3)}\). 5. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=15\ln(3)e^{x\ln(3)}\). Therefore, \(f'(0)=15\ln(3)\approx16.48\).

a) Exponential growth, because \(135>45\). b) \(a=3\) and \(b=15\) c) \(f(x)=15e^{x\ln(3)}\); \(f'(x)=15\ln(3)e^{x\ln(3)}\); \(f'(0)=15\ln(3)\approx16.48\)

- The first derivative gives the slope. - What is the maximum value of the cosine function? - Express the maximum slope as a function of \(k\).

1. Apply the chain rule: \(f_k'(x)=k\cos(kx)\). 2. Since the maximum value of cosine is \(1\), the maximum value of the derivative is \(k\). Therefore, the maximum slope is \(k\). 3. Replacing \(k\) by \(2k\) changes the maximum slope from \(k\) to \(2k\). 4. Thus, doubling \(k\) doubles the maximum slope.

The maximum slope is \(k\). When \(k\) is doubled, the maximum slope doubles to \(2k\).

- Set the two function values equal to find their intersection. - A substitution involving \(e^x\) can turn the intersection equation into a quadratic equation. - Compare both the function values and derivative values at the intersection. - Parallel lines have equal slopes.

1. Set the functions equal: \(e^x=2-e^{-x}\). Multiplying by \(e^x\) gives \(e^{2x}-2e^x+1=0\). Let \(u=e^x\). Then \((u-1)^2=0\), so \(u=1\), \(x=0\), and the intersection point is \(S(0, 1)\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=e^x\) and \(g'(x)=e^{-x}\). Thus \(f'(0)=g'(0)=1\), so the graphs share the tangent line \(y=x+1\) at \(S\). 3. To compare the graphs, \(f(x)-g(x)=e^x+e^{-x}-2\geq0\), with equality only at \(x=0\). Therefore, the graph of \(f\) stays above the graph of \(g\), and the graphs touch without crossing at \(S\). 4. At the same x-value, parallel tangent lines require \(f'(x)=g'(x)\). Solving \(e^x=e^{-x}\) gives \(e^{2x}=1\), so \(x=0\) is the only solution.

a) \(S(0, 1)\) b) \(f'(0)=g'(0)=1\). The graphs share the tangent line \(y=x+1\), and \(f(x)\geq g(x)\) with equality only at \(x=0\), so they do not cross. c) No. At the same x-value, the tangent lines are parallel only when \(x=0\).

- Write the tangent line at a general input \(u\). - A line through the origin has y-intercept \(0\). - The tangent slope is the derivative value at the point of tangency. - Use logarithm properties for powers of \(e\).

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\). 2. At \(x_0=e^2\), \(f(e^2)=2\) and \(f'(e^2)=\frac{1}{e^2}\). Therefore, \(y=\frac{1}{e^2}(x-e^2)+2=\frac{x}{e^2}+1\). 3. The tangent line at a general input \(u>0\) is \(y=\frac{1}{u}(x-u)+\ln u=\frac{x}{u}+\ln u-1\). For this line to pass through the origin, \(\ln u-1=0\), so \(u=e\). The point of tangency is \((e, 1)\), and the tangent line is \(y=\frac{x}{e}\). 4. At \(x_1=\sqrt{e}\), the tangent line is \(y=\frac{x}{\sqrt{e}}-\frac{1}{2}\). Setting \(y=0\) gives the x-intercept \(x=\frac{\sqrt{e}}{2}\).

a) \(y=\frac{x}{e^2}+1\) b) Point of tangency: \((e, 1)\); tangent line: \(y=\frac{x}{e}\) c) x-intercept: \(x=\frac{\sqrt{e}}{2}\)

- Parallel lines have equal slopes. - Write the tangent line at a general input \(u\). - A point on the y-axis determines the tangent’s y-intercept. - Set \(x=0\) in the general tangent equation.

1. A line parallel to \(y=x\) has slope \(1\). Since \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), solve \(\frac{1}{x}=1\), giving \(x=1\). Since \(f(1)=0\), the tangent line is \(y=x-1\). 2. The tangent line at a general input \(u>0\) is \(y=\frac{x}{u}+\ln u-1\). Passing through \((0, -2)\) requires \(\ln u-1=-2\), so \(u=e^{-1}\). The slope is \(1/u=e\), giving \(y=ex-2\). 3. From the general tangent equation, setting \(x=0\) gives \(y=\ln u-1\), so the y-intercept is \((0, \ln u-1)\). For an intercept of \(3\), \(\ln u-1=3\), so \(u=e^4\).

a) \(y=x-1\) b) \(y=ex-2\) c) The y-intercept is \((0, \ln u-1)\), and \(u=e^4\) when the intercept is \(3\).

- The derivative gives the slope of the graph. - Check any solution against the function's domain. - Write the tangent line at a general x-value \(u\), then use the fact that it passes through the origin. - Recall that \(\ln(x)\) is defined only for positive \(x\).

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=3+\frac{2}{x}\). 2. For slope \(5\), solve \(3+\frac{2}{x}=5\). This gives \(x=1\), and \(f(1)=3+2\ln(1)=3\). The point is \(P(1, 3)\). 3. For slope \(2\), solve \(3+\frac{2}{x}=2\), which gives \(x=-2\). This value is outside the domain \(x>0\), so no such point exists. 4. Let the tangent point have x-coordinate \(u>0\). The tangent line is \(y=f'(u)(x-u)+f(u)\). Because it passes through \((0, 0)\), \(0=\left(3+\frac{2}{u}\right)(-u)+3u+2\ln(u)\). 5. Simplifying gives \(-2+2\ln(u)=0\), so \(\ln(u)=1\) and \(u=e\). 6. The slope is \(f'(e)=3+\frac{2}{e}\). Since the line passes through the origin, its equation is \(y=\left(3+\frac{2}{e}\right)x\).

a) \(P(1, 3)\) b) No. Solving for slope \(2\) gives \(x=-2\), which is outside the domain. c) \(y=\left(3+\frac{2}{e}\right)x\)

- Write the tangent line at a general x-value \(x_0\). - Substitute the coordinates of \(P\) into that line. - Factor the resulting equation. - Explain why the exponential factor cannot be zero.

1. Differentiate: \(f_k'(x)=\frac{1}{k}e^x\). 2. The tangent line at \(x=x_0\) is \(y=f_k'(x_0)(x-x_0)+f_k(x_0)\). 3. Requiring the line to pass through \(P(k, 0)\) gives \(0=\frac{1}{k}e^{x_0}(k-x_0)+\frac{1}{k}e^{x_0}\). 4. Factor: \(0=\frac{1}{k}e^{x_0}(k-x_0+1)\). Since \(k>0\) and \(e^{x_0}>0\), the nonzero factor can be divided out. Therefore, \(x_0=k+1\). This solution is unique because the remaining equation is linear. 5. Substitute \(x_0=k+1\): \(y=\frac{e^{k+1}}{k}(x-k-1)+\frac{e^{k+1}}{k}=\frac{e^{k+1}}{k}(x-k)\).

The point of tangency occurs at \(x_0=k+1\), and the tangent line is \(y=\frac{e^{k+1}}{k}(x-k)\).

- Determine when the fraction inside the logarithm is positive. - Remember that \(x=0\) is excluded. - Use the quotient property of logarithms. - Rewrite \(\ln(x^2)\) as \(2\ln|x|\).

1. The logarithm’s argument must be positive. Since \(x^2>0\) for \(x\ne0\), the numerator must satisfy \(x+2>0\). Therefore, \(D_f=(-2, 0)\cup(0, \infty)\). 2. Rewrite using logarithm properties: \(f(x)=\ln(x+2)-2\ln|x|\). 3. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{x+2}-\frac{2}{x}\). Combining the fractions gives \(f'(x)=-\frac{x+4}{x(x+2)}\).

\(D_f=(-2, 0)\cup(0, \infty)\) \(f'(x)=-\frac{x+4}{x(x+2)}\)

- Recall the derivative of \(\ln(x)\). - Express a percent increase as a multiplication factor. - Expand \(\ln(kx)\) using the product property. - Check whether the original input cancels from the difference.

1. The derivative is \(f'(x)=\frac{a}{x}\). The condition \(f'(2)=1.5\) gives \(\frac{a}{2}=1.5\), so \(a=3\). 2. A \(20\%\) increase changes \(x\) to \(1.2x\). Thus, \(f(1.2x)-f(x)=3\ln(1.2x)-3\ln(x)=3\ln(1.2)\approx0.547\). 3. A \(p\%\) increase changes \(x\) to \(x\left(1+\frac{p}{100}\right)\). The change is \(a\ln\!\left(x\left(1+\frac{p}{100}\right)\right)-a\ln(x)=a\ln\!\left(1+\frac{p}{100}\right)\), which is independent of \(x\).

1. \(a=3\) 2. \(3\ln(1.2)\approx0.547\) 3. \(a\ln\!\left(1+\frac{p}{100}\right)\)

- Read the effects of the factor and constant from the formula. - Parallel lines have equal slopes. - Set the derivative equal to the target slope. - Substitute the resulting input into the original function.

1. Multiply the y-values of \(\ln x\) by \(2\), reflect the graph across the x-axis, and then shift it up \(1\) unit. 2. The given line has slope \(-1\). Differentiate: \(g'(x)=-\frac{2}{x}\). Set the derivative equal to \(-1\): \(-\frac{2}{x}=-1\), so \(x=2\). The corresponding y-value is \(g(2)=1-2\ln2\).

a) Vertically stretch by a factor of \(2\), reflect across the x-axis, and shift up \(1\) unit. b) \((2, 1-2\ln2)\)

- Replacing \(x\) by \(-x\) reflects a graph across the y-axis. - Apply the chain rule carefully to \(e^{-x}\). - Set the two exponential expressions equal for the intersection claim. - A horizontal tangent requires the derivative of the relevant function to be zero.

1. Since \(g(x)=f(-x)\), the graph of \(g\) is the reflection of the graph of \(f\) across the y-axis. Statement (1) is true. 2. The derivatives are \(f'(x)=e^x=f(x)\) and, by the chain rule, \(g'(x)=-e^{-x}=-g(x)\). Statement (2) is true. 3. Solving \(e^x=e^{-x}\) gives \(e^{2x}=1\), so \(x=0\). Statement (3) is true. 4. Since \(s'(x)=e^x+e^{-x}>0\) for every real \(x\), in particular \(s'(0)\ne0\). Statement (4) is false. 5. \(f(x)g(x)=e^xe^{-x}=1\). Statement (5) is true.

(1) True (2) True (3) True (4) False (5) True

- Use the chain rule to obtain the derivative and study its sign. - Check the relevant end behavior for the asymptote claim. - For the zero, isolate the exponential expression before using logarithms. - Determine which values the positive exponential factor can take before describing the derivative's range.

1. By the chain rule, \(h'(x)=-0.5e^{0.5x}<0\) for every real \(x\), so statement (1) is true. 2. As \(x\to-\infty\), \(e^{0.5x}\to0\), so \(h(x)\to2\). The horizontal asymptote is \(y=2\), so statement (2) is false. 3. \(h'(0)=-0.5e^0=-0.5\), so statement (3) is true. 4. Solving \(2-e^{0.5x}=0\) gives \(e^{0.5x}=2\), so \(x=2\ln2=\ln4\). Statement (4) is true. 5. Since \(e^{0.5x}\) takes every positive value, \(-0.5e^{0.5x}\) takes every negative value and never equals \(0\). Statement (5) is true.

(1) True (2) False (3) True (4) True (5) True

- Find the derivative. - Use the range of sine. - Account for the constant factor and negative sign. - Report the values outside the derivative’s range.

1. Differentiate: \(g'(x)=-4\sin x\). 2. Since \(-1\le\sin x\le 1\), the derivative satisfies \(-4\le g'(x)\le 4\). Therefore, tangent slopes outside this interval cannot occur.

The impossible slopes are \(m<-4\) or \(m>4\).

- Substitute \(x=1\). - Differentiate with respect to \(x\). - Set two family members equal and cancel their common terms. - Solve the remaining logarithmic equation.

1. \(f_k(1)=k\ln(1)-1+1=0\), so every graph passes through \((1, 0)\). 2. The derivative is \(f_k'(x)=\frac{k}{x}-1\). Thus, the slope at \(x=1\) is \(f_k'(1)=k-1\). 3. If two graphs intersect, then \(k_1\ln(x)-x+1=k_2\ln(x)-x+1\). Hence, \((k_1-k_2)\ln(x)=0\). Since \(k_1\neq k_2\), \(\ln(x)=0\), so \(x=1\). The corresponding output is \(0\), so the only shared point is \((1, 0)\).

1. \(f_k(1)=0\) 2. \(k-1\) 3. The only shared point is \((1, 0)\).

- Recall the derivative of \(\log_bx\). - Find the function value and derivative value at \(x=3\). - Use point-slope form. - Convert between base-3 and natural logarithms if needed.

1. The point on the graph is \(f(3)=\log_33=1\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{x\ln3}\). Thus, the slope at \(x=3\) is \(f'(3)=\frac{1}{3\ln3}\). 3. Use point-slope form: \(y-1=\frac{1}{3\ln3}(x-3)\). Therefore, \(y=\frac{x}{3\ln3}+1-\frac{1}{\ln3}\).

\(y=\frac{x}{3\ln3}+1-\frac{1}{\ln3}\)

- Recall the derivative of \(\log_bx\). - Substitute the given input and slope. - Solve the resulting equation for \(\ln b\). - Exponentiate to solve for \(b\).

1. Differentiate: \(h'(x)=\frac{1}{x\ln b}\). 2. Use the given slope: \(\frac{1}{2\ln b}=0.5=\frac{1}{2}\). Therefore, \(\ln b=1\), so \(b=e\).

\(b=e\)

- Set the first derivative equal to zero. - Use the sign of the second derivative to classify the critical point. - Replace the parameter with the maximum x-coordinate. - A common point must have a function value independent of \(a\).

1. Differentiate: \(f_a'(x)=\frac{a}{x}-1\). The critical-point equation gives \(x=a\). Since \(f_a''(x)=-\frac{a}{x^2}<0\), this point is a local maximum. 2. Its y-coordinate is \(a\ln a-a\), so the local maximum is \((a, a\ln a-a)\). Replacing \(a\) with the maximum x-coordinate gives the locus \(y=x\ln x-x\), where \(x>0\). 3. A common point must make the coefficient of \(a\) equal to zero. Thus \(\ln x=0\), so \(x=1\). Then \(f_a(1)=-1\), giving the common point \((1,-1)\).

a) \((a, a\ln a-a)\) b) \(y=x\ln x-x\) for \(x>0\) c) \((1,-1)\)

- Tangent graphs have the same function value and slope at the point of tangency. - Use the logarithm derivative rule to determine the required slope at \(x=1\). - Start with a general quadratic and translate the two tangency conditions plus the extra point into three equations.

1. Write \(p(x)=ax^2+bx+c\). 2. Tangency at \((1,0)\) requires \(p(1)=0\) and \(p'(1)=f'(1)\). 3. Since \(f'(x)=\frac1x\), \(f'(1)=1\). Therefore, \(a+b+c=0\) and \(2a+b=1\). 4. The point \(A(2,4)\) gives \(4a+2b+c=4\). 5. Solving the three equations gives \(a=3\), \(b=-5\), and \(c=2\). Thus \(p(x)=3x^2-5x+2\).

\(p(x)=3x^2-5x+2\)

- Use the chain rule when differentiating \(e^{2x}\). - Solve the exponential equation by taking a logarithm. - Use the critical-point equation to simplify the y-coordinate. - An inflection point requires a change in concavity.

1. Differentiate: \(g_a'(x)=1-2ae^{2x}\) and \(g_a''(x)=-4ae^{2x}\). 2. The critical-point equation gives \(e^{2x}=\frac{1}{2a}\), so \(x=-\frac{1}{2}\ln(2a)\). Since \(g_a''(x)<0\) for all \(x\), this is the unique local maximum. 3. At the maximum, \(ae^{2x}=\frac{1}{2}\). Therefore, \(y=x-\frac{1}{2}\), so every maximum lies on \(y=x-\frac{1}{2}\). 4. Because \(g_a''(x)=-4ae^{2x}<0\) for every \(x\), the concavity never changes. Thus there are no inflection points.

a) \(\left(-\frac{1}{2}\ln(2a), -\frac{1}{2}\ln(2a)-\frac{1}{2}\right)\) b) \(y=x-\frac{1}{2}\) c) The second derivative is always negative, so the graphs have no inflection points.

- Set the first derivative equal to zero. - Use the one-to-one property of the exponential function. - Use the sign of the second derivative. - Replace \(\ln k\) using the minimum x-coordinate.

1. Differentiate: \(g_k'(x)=ke^x-1\). The critical-point equation gives \(e^x=\frac{1}{k}\), so \(x=-\ln k\). Because the exponential function is one-to-one, this is the only critical point. 2. Since \(g_k''(x)=ke^x>0\) for all \(x\), the critical point is a local minimum. 3. Its y-coordinate is \(g_k(-\ln k)=ke^{-\ln k}+\ln k=1+\ln k\). Since \(x=-\ln k\), this becomes \(y=1-x\).

a) The unique local minimum is \((-\ln k, 1+\ln k)\). b) \(y=1-x\)

- Rewrite the function so the coefficient and vertical shift are easy to identify. - What happens to the exponential term as time increases without bound? - Use the chain rule to differentiate the exponential expression. - In a time-dependent process, what does the first derivative represent?

1. Rewrite the function as \(U(t)=-15e^{-0.4t}+15\). Starting with \(g(t)=e^{-0.4t}\), reflect the graph across the \(t\)-axis, stretch it vertically by a factor of \(15\), and shift it up \(15\) units. 2. Since \(e^{-0.4t}\to 0\) as \(t\to\infty\), \(U(t)\to 15\). The horizontal asymptote is \(U=15\). It represents the limiting voltage of the capacitor. 3. Differentiate using the chain rule: \(U'(t)=15\left(0.4e^{-0.4t}\right)=6e^{-0.4t}\). 4. At \(t=2\), \(U'(2)=6e^{-0.8}\approx 2.70\,\text{V/s}\). At that instant, the voltage is increasing at about \(2.70\) volts per second.

a) Reflect across the \(t\)-axis, stretch vertically by a factor of \(15\), and shift up \(15\) units. b) The horizontal asymptote is \(U=15\). The capacitor voltage approaches \(15\,\text{V}\). c) \(U'(t)=6e^{-0.4t}\), and \(U'(2)\approx 2.70\,\text{V/s}\).

- Rewrite the function to make the transformations visible. - Consider what repeated multiplication by \(0.85\) does as \(t\) increases. - Use the derivative rule for an exponential function with base \(a\). - What does a rate at \(t=0\) describe about the start of the process?

1. Rewrite the function as \(N(t)=-800(0.85^t)+800\). Starting with \(h(t)=0.85^t\), reflect the graph across the \(t\)-axis, stretch it vertically by a factor of \(800\), and shift it up \(800\) units. 2. Since \(0<0.85<1\), \(0.85^t\to 0\) as \(t\to\infty\). Therefore, \(N(t)\to 800\), meaning the model predicts that eventually all \(800\) employees will know the announcement. 3. Using \(\frac{d}{dt}(a^t)=a^t\ln(a)\), \(N'(t)=-800\ln(0.85)(0.85^t)\). 4. At \(t=0\), \(N'(0)=-800\ln(0.85)\approx 130.02\). Initially, the announcement is spreading at about \(130\) employees per hour.

a) Reflect across the \(t\)-axis, stretch vertically by a factor of \(800\), and shift up \(800\) units. b) \(N(t)\to 800\). The model predicts that the announcement eventually reaches the entire company. c) \(N'(t)=-800\ln(0.85)(0.85^t)\), and \(N'(0)\approx 130.02\) employees per hour.

- Use the derivative of \(\ln x\). - Apply the second derivative test. - Solve the minimum x-coordinate for \(t\). - Use logarithm properties to simplify the locus equation.

1. Differentiate: \(f_t'(x)=tx-\frac{1}{x}\). The critical-point equation gives \(tx^2=1\), so \(x=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}\). 2. Since \(f_t''(x)=t+\frac{1}{x^2}>0\), the critical point is a local minimum. 3. Its y-coordinate is \(\frac{1}{2}-\ln\left(t^{-1/2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln t\). Thus the local minimum is \(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}, \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln t\right)\). 4. At the minimum, \(t=\frac{1}{x^2}\). Therefore, \(y=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}-\ln x\), with \(x>0\).

a) \(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}, \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln t\right)\) b) \(y=\frac{1}{2}-\ln x\) for \(x>0\)

- Compare logarithmic growth with quadratic growth. - Use the derivative of \(\ln x\) and the domain restriction. - Apply the second derivative test. - Replace \(a\) using the maximum x-coordinate.

1. As \(x\to0^+\), \(\ln x\to-\infty\) while \(-\frac{1}{2}x^2\to0\), so \(f_a(x)\to-\infty\). As \(x\to\infty\), the negative quadratic term dominates the logarithmic term, so \(f_a(x)\to-\infty\). 2. Differentiate: \(f_a'(x)=\frac{a}{x}-x\). The critical-point equation gives \(x^2=a\), so \(x=\sqrt{a}\). 3. Since \(f_a''(x)=-\frac{a}{x^2}-1<0\), this point is a local maximum. Its y-coordinate is \(\frac{a}{2}\ln a-\frac{a}{2}\), giving the local maximum \(\left(\sqrt{a}, \frac{a}{2}(\ln a-1)\right)\). 4. At the maximum, \(a=x^2\). Therefore, \(y=\frac{x^2}{2}(\ln(x^2)-1)=x^2\ln x-\frac{1}{2}x^2\), with \(x>0\).

a) \(\lim_{x\to0^+}f_a(x)=-\infty\) and \(\lim_{x\to\infty}f_a(x)=-\infty\) b) \(\left(\sqrt{a}, \frac{a}{2}(\ln a-1)\right)\) c) \(y=x^2\ln x-\frac{1}{2}x^2\) for \(x>0\)

- Determine the values of cosine on the stated interval. - Use point-slope form for the tangent line. - Find both axis intercepts of the tangent line. - Use the area formula for a right triangle.

1. On the given interval, \(0\leq\cos(x)\leq1\). Since \(k>0\), the range is \([0, k]\). 2. Since \(h_k\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\) and \(h_k'(x)=-k\sin(x)\), the tangent slope is \(-\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\). Thus \(t_k: y=-\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(x-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)+\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\). 3. The y-intercept is \(\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\), and the x-intercept is \(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\). Therefore, \(A(k)=\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)=\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{4}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2\). 4. Set \(A(k)=10\): \(\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{4}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2=10\). Solving gives \(k=\frac{20\sqrt{2}}{\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2}\approx8.87\).

1. \([0, k]\) 2. \(t_k: y=-\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}x+\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\) 3. \(A(k)=\frac{k\sqrt{2}}{4}\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2\) 4. \(k=\frac{20\sqrt{2}}{\left(1+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2}\approx8.87\)

- Compare the two graph values at \(x=0\). - Match the sign of the derivative with where cosine is increasing or decreasing. - Use a phase-shift identity relating sine and cosine.

1. Since \(f(0)=1\), the solid curve, which passes through \((0,1)\), represents \(f\). At \(x=0\), cosine has a local maximum, so its derivative is \(0\). The dashed curve passes through \((0,0)\) and is negative on \((0,\pi)\), matching \(f'(x)=-\sin x\). 2. Since \(\cos\left(x+\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=-\sin x\), the smallest positive value is \(c=\frac{\pi}{2}\). This shifts the cosine graph left by \(\frac{\pi}{2}\).

a) The solid curve represents \(f(x)=\cos x\), and the dashed curve represents \(f'(x)=-\sin x\). b) \(c=\frac{\pi}{2}\). Shift the graph of \(f\) left by \(\frac{\pi}{2}\).

- Compare the three formulas term by term. - A tangent line requires both \(f(x_0)\) and \(f'(x_0)\). - A horizontal tangent has derivative value \(0\).

1. Since \(f(x)=g(x)+h(x)\), the y-coordinate on \(f\) is the sum of the corresponding y-coordinates on \(g\) and \(h\). At \(x=0\), \(f(0)=1\). 2. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=0.5-\sin x\). At \(x=\pi\), \(f'(\pi)=0.5\) and \(f(\pi)=\frac{\pi}{2}-1\). Thus, the tangent is \(t(x)=0.5x-1\). 3. Horizontal tangents satisfy \(\sin x=\frac{1}{2}\). On \([0,2\pi]\), the solutions are \(x=\frac{\pi}{6}\) and \(x=\frac{5\pi}{6}\).

a) Add corresponding y-values: \(f(x)=g(x)+h(x)\). At \(x=0\), \(f(0)=1\). b) \(t(x)=0.5x-1\) c) \(x=\frac{\pi}{6}\) and \(x=\frac{5\pi}{6}\)

- Use point-slope form for a tangent line at \(x=a\). - Recall the derivative of the natural logarithm. - A y-intercept occurs where \(x=0\). - Subtract the two y-coordinates and simplify. - A result with no \(a\) is constant for all allowed values of \(a\).

1. Differentiate: \(f'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), so the tangent slope at \(x=a\) is \(\frac{1}{a}\). 2. Use point-slope form: \(y-\ln(a)=\frac{1}{a}(x-a)\). Therefore, \(t: y=\frac{1}{a}x-1+\ln(a)\). 3. Set \(x=0\) to find the y-intercept: \(y_S=\ln(a)-1\). Thus \(S=(0, \ln(a)-1)\). 4. The y-coordinate of \(P\) is \(\ln(a)\). The vertical distance is \(\ln(a)-(\ln(a)-1)=1\), which is independent of \(a\).

a) \(t: y=\frac{1}{a}x-1+\ln(a)\) b) \(S=(0, \ln(a)-1)\) c) The constant vertical distance is \(1\).

- Use the horizontal asymptote to identify \(c\). - Use the y-intercept to find \(a\). - Substitute the graph's zero to find \(b\). - Differentiate using the chain rule and evaluate at \(0\) and \(1\).

1. The graph approaches the horizontal asymptote \(y=4\) as \(x\to-\infty\), so \(c=4\). The y-intercept is \((0, 2)\), so \(a+4=2\) and \(a=-2\). 2. The graph has a zero at \(x=1\). Thus, \(-2e^b+4=0\), so \(e^b=2\) and \(b=\ln2\). 3. Therefore, \(f(x)=-2e^{(\ln2)x}+4\), and \(f'(x)=-2\ln2\,e^{(\ln2)x}\). Hence, \(f'(0)=-2\ln2\) and \(f'(1)=-4\ln2=2f'(0)\).

a) \(c=4\), \(a=-2\) b) \(b=\ln2\) c) \(f'(0)=-2\ln2\) and \(f'(1)=-4\ln2=2f'(0)\)

- Identify where the sine curve has horizontal tangents. - Determine where it is increasing or decreasing most steeply. - Match the resulting periodic slope pattern to a familiar trig graph.

1. The slopes are \(f'(0)=1\), \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=0\), \(f'(\pi)=-1\), \(f'\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}\right)=0\), and \(f'(2\pi)=1\). 2. These slope values produce the cosine graph. 3. Therefore, \(f'(x)=\cos x\).

\(f'(0)=1\), \(f'\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=0\), \(f'(\pi)=-1\), \(f'\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}\right)=0\), \(f'(2\pi)=1\); the derivative is \(\cos x\).

- Set the first derivative equal to zero. - Use the natural logarithm to solve for \(x\). - Apply the second derivative test. - Replace \(a\) using the minimum x-coordinate.

1. Differentiate: \(g_a'(x)=e^x-a\). The critical-point equation gives \(e^x=a\), so \(x=\ln a\). 2. Since \(g_a''(x)=e^x>0\), this point is a local minimum. 3. Its y-coordinate is \(g_a(\ln a)=a-a\ln a\). Thus the local minimum is \((\ln a, a-a\ln a)\). 4. At the minimum, \(a=e^x\). Substitution gives \(y=e^x-e^x x=e^x(1-x)\).

a) \((\ln a, a-a\ln a)\) b) \(y=e^x(1-x)\)

- Add corresponding y-values of the two component functions. - Parallel lines have equal slopes. - Use the bound \(-1\le\sin x\le1\) for the final positivity argument.

1. Since \(f(x)=g(x)+h(x)\), the graph of \(f\) is obtained by adding the corresponding y-values, so it oscillates around \(y=x\). 2. The line \(g\) has slope \(1\). Since \(f'(x)=1+1.5\cos x\), parallel tangents satisfy \(\cos x=0\), giving \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}\) and \(x=\frac{3\pi}{2}\) on the stated interval. 3. For \(0<x\le\pi\), \(\sin x\ge0\), so \(f(x)>0\). For \(x>\pi\), \(f(x)\ge x-1.5>\pi-1.5>0\).

a) The graph of \(f\) is the pointwise sum of \(g\) and \(h\), so it oscillates around \(y=x\). b) \(x=\frac{\pi}{2}\) and \(x=\frac{3\pi}{2}\) c) For \(0<x\le\pi\), both terms are nonnegative. For \(x>\pi\), \(f(x)\ge x-1.5>0\).

- Compare the shapes and formulas of the three functions. - Set the derivative equal to the desired slope in part b. - A horizontal tangent requires the derivative to equal \(0\). - Use the unit circle for the resulting sine equations.

1. Graph B is the line through the origin, so it represents \(g\). Graph C is the reflected cosine curve, so it represents \(h\). Their pointwise sum is graph A, which represents \(f\). 2. Since \(f'(x)=0.5+\sin x\), slope \(0.5\) occurs when \(\sin x=0\). On \([0,2\pi]\), the inputs are \(0\), \(\pi\), and \(2\pi\), giving points \((0,-1)\), \(\left(\pi,\frac{\pi}{2}+1\right)\), and \((2\pi,\pi-1)\). 3. Horizontal tangents satisfy \(\sin x=-\frac{1}{2}\), so \(x=\frac{7\pi}{6}+2\pi n\) or \(x=\frac{11\pi}{6}+2\pi n\), where \(n\in\mathbb{Z}\).

a) A: \(f\); B: \(g\); C: \(h\) b) \((0,-1)\), \(\left(\pi,\frac{\pi}{2}+1\right)\), and \((2\pi,\pi-1)\) c) \(x=\frac{7\pi}{6}+2\pi n\) or \(x=\frac{11\pi}{6}+2\pi n\), where \(n\in\mathbb{Z}\)

- Differentiate the natural logarithm. - Substitute \(x=0\) into the general tangent equation. - Subtract the y-coordinate of \(S\) from \(f(a)\). - Use the displayed intercepts to find the tangent slope, then set it equal to \(f^{\prime}(a)\).

1. Since \(f^{\prime}(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), the tangent at \(x=a\) has equation \(y-\ln(a)=\frac{1}{a}(x-a)\). 2. Simplifying gives \(y=\frac{1}{a}x-1+\ln(a)\). At \(x=0\), \(y=\ln(a)-1\), so the y-intercept is \(S(0, \ln(a)-1)\). 3. The vertical difference is \(f(a)-y_S=\ln(a)-(\ln(a)-1)=1\). 4. In the displayed example, the tangent passes through \((0, -1)\) and \((1, 0)\), so its slope is \(1\). Because the tangent slope is \(\frac{1}{a}\), \(\frac{1}{a}=1\), and therefore \(a=1\).

a) The tangent is \(y=\frac{1}{a}x-1+\ln(a)\), so its y-intercept is \(S(0, \ln(a)-1)\). b) The vertical distance is always \(1\) unit. c) \(a=1\)

- Evaluate the graphs at \(x=1\). - Solve the zero equation for \(x\). - The derivative of an added constant is zero.

1. Since \(\ln(1)=0\), \(f_c(1)=c\). Graph p has value \(2\) at \(x=1\), so \(c=2\). Graph q has value \(-1\) at \(x=1\), so \(c=-1\). 2. A zero satisfies \(\ln(x)+c=0\), so \(x=e^{-c}\). As \(c\) increases, \(-c\) decreases, so the zero moves left toward the y-axis. 3. The derivative is \(f_c'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), which does not depend on \(c\). Therefore, every graph has slope \(f_c'(2)=\frac{1}{2}\) at \(x=2\).

a) p: \(c=2\); q: \(c=-1\) b) The zero is \(x=e^{-c}\) and moves left as \(c\) increases. c) \(f_c'(x)=\frac{1}{x}\), so the common slope at \(x=2\) is \(\frac{1}{2}\).

- Evaluate the function at \(x=0\). - A change in an outside multiplier produces a vertical scaling. - Use the point and slope at \(x=0\) to write the tangent line.

1. Since \(g_k(0)=k\), the y-intercepts give p: \(k=2\) and q: \(k=4\). 2. Doubling \(k\) doubles every function value, which is a vertical stretch by a factor of \(2\). 3. The derivative is \(g_k'(x)=-ke^{-x}\). At \(x=0\), the point is \((0, k)\) and the slope is \(-k\). 4. The tangent line is \(y=-kx+k\). Setting \(y=0\) gives \(x=1\), independent of \(k\).

a) p: \(k=2\); q: \(k=4\) b) Vertical stretch by a factor of \(2\) c) The tangent is \(y=-kx+k\), with x-intercept \(1\).

- The horizontal asymptote identifies the vertical shift. - Use the y-intercept to find \(a\). - Substitute the given point and compare exponents. - Differentiate to find the tangent slope.

1. The horizontal asymptote is \(y=3\), so \(c=3\). The y-intercept is \((0, 1)\), so \(a+3=1\) and \(a=-2\). 2. Substitute \(P(2, 3-2e)\) into \(f(x)=-2e^{bx}+3\): \(3-2e=-2e^{2b}+3\). Thus, \(e=e^{2b}\), so \(b=\frac{1}{2}\). 3. The function is \(f(x)=-2e^{x/2}+3\), so \(f'(x)=-e^{x/2}\). At \(x=0\), the slope is \(-1\), and the point is \((0, 1)\). Therefore, the tangent line is \(y=-x+1\).

a) \(c=3\), \(a=-2\) b) \(b=\frac{1}{2}\) c) \(y=-x+1\)

- Use point-slope form for each tangent line. - Use symmetry about the \(y\)-axis. - Find the triangle area from its base and height. - The \(x\)-intercepts of the tangent lines determine the base.

1. Let \(c=\phi(1)=\phi(-1)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}\). Since \(\phi'(x)=-x\phi(x)\), the slopes at \(-1\) and \(1\) are \(c\) and \(-c\), respectively. 2. a) At \((-1, c)\), the tangent line is \(y-c=c(x+1)\), so \(y=c(x+2)\). At \((1, c)\), the tangent line is \(y-c=-c(x-1)\), so \(y=-c(x-2)\). 3. b) The lines meet the \(x\)-axis at \((-2, 0)\) and \((2, 0)\), so the base has length \(4\). The tangent lines intersect at \((0, 2c)\), so the height is \(2c\). Therefore, \(A=\frac12\cdot4\cdot2c=4c=\frac{4}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}\approx0.968\).

a) \(y=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}(x+2)\) and \(y=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}(x-2)\) b) \(A=\frac{4}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}\approx0.968\) square units

- Parallel lines have equal slopes. - Use the double-angle identity for sine. - Perpendicular nonvertical lines have a slope product of \(-1\). - Use the maximum possible values of sine and cosine in part d.

1. The derivatives are \(f'(x)=\cos x\) and \(g'(x)=-\sin x\). Parallel tangents have equal slopes, so \(\cos x=-\sin x\). On \([0, \pi]\), this gives \(x_P=\frac{3\pi}{4}\). 2. The product of the slopes is \(f'(x)g'(x)=-\sin x\cos x=-\frac{1}{2}\sin(2x)\). 3. Perpendicular nonvertical lines require a slope product of \(-1\). That would require \(-\frac{1}{2}\sin(2x)=-1\), or \(\sin(2x)=2\), which is impossible. Therefore, no common input produces perpendicular tangents. 4. For different inputs, require \(\cos(x_1)[-\sin(x_2)]=-1\), so \(\cos(x_1)\sin(x_2)=1\). On \([0, \pi]\), this occurs when \(x_1=0\) and \(x_2=\frac{\pi}{2}\).

a) \(x_P=\frac{3\pi}{4}\) b) \(f'(x)g'(x)=-\frac{1}{2}\sin(2x)\) c) No such common input exists. d) \(x_1=0\), \(x_2=\frac{\pi}{2}\)

- Determine where sine and cosine have the same value on the stated interval. - Differentiate both functions to find the tangent slopes at the intersection. - Use the acute angle-between-lines formula and the requested precision.

1. Solve \(\sin x=\cos x\) on \([0,\pi]\), giving \(x=\frac{\pi}{4}\). The intersection is \(\left(\frac{\pi}{4},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\). 2. The derivatives are \(f'(x)=\cos x\) and \(g'(x)=-\sin x\). At the intersection, the slopes are \(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) and \(-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\). 3. Thus, \(\tan(\alpha)=2\sqrt{2}\), so \(\alpha=\arctan(2\sqrt{2})\approx70.5^\circ\).

The intersection is \(\left(\frac{\pi}{4},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\), and the acute intersection angle is approximately \(70.5^\circ\).