Free Math Worksheets

- Is the outcome uncertain before the process is carried out? - Are the possible outcomes known? - Distinguish a chance process from a result fixed by a physical condition or mathematical rule.

1. A random experiment has a known set of possible outcomes, but the individual outcome cannot be predicted with certainty before the experiment is performed. 2. a) This is not a random experiment in the intended model. Under the stated physical conditions, the water boils at \(100\,^\circ\text{C}\), so the outcome is treated as predictable. 3. b) This is a random experiment. The possible outcomes are \(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\), but the result of a particular roll is uncertain. 4. c) This is a random experiment. The possible numbered balls are known, but the selected ball is uncertain before the draw. 5. d) This is not a random experiment. The circumference is determined by \(C = 2\pi r\), so the result follows from the given radius.

a) Not a random experiment; the outcome is treated as physically determined. b) Random experiment; the roll is uncertain among known outcomes. c) Random experiment; the selected ball is uncertain among known outcomes. d) Not a random experiment; the result is determined by a formula.

- Ask whether each event can happen, must happen, or cannot happen. - Use only the colors shown in the urn.

1. Red balls are present, but a blue ball could be drawn instead. Event a) is possible. 2. No green balls are present. Event b) is impossible. 3. Every ball is either red or blue. Event c) is certain.

a) possible b) impossible c) certain

- Combine all sections that are not green. - Compare that count with the total of \(6\) equal sections.

1. There are \(1 + 2 = 3\) sections that are not green. 2. Therefore, \(P(\text{not green}) = \frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2}\).

\(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\)

- An equally likely model requires every listed outcome to have the same chance. - Look for physical symmetry or equal-size regions. - Ask whether every possible result has exactly the same physical chance. - Decide whether the design could favor one outcome.

1. a) No. A thumbtack is not symmetric, so the two landing positions should not be assumed to have equal probabilities. 2. b) Yes. With a well-shuffled deck, each individual card can reasonably be modeled as having probability \(\frac{1}{52}\). 3. c) Yes. A standard number cube is symmetric, and uniformly rounded edges do not favor one face. Each result can be modeled with probability \(\frac{1}{6}\). 4. d) Yes. The four sections have equal central angles, so each color can be modeled with probability \(\frac{1}{4}\).

a) No; the thumbtack is not symmetric. b) Yes; each card has the same chance of being drawn. c) Yes; the number cube is symmetric. d) Yes; the four spinner sections are equal in size.

- Find the total number of pieces of fruit. - Use the stated assumption about individual pieces. - Count the pears and oranges for the event “not an apple.”

1. There are \(12 + 8 + 10 = 30\) pieces of fruit. 2. a) There are \(8\) pears, so \(P(\text{pear}) = \frac{8}{30} = \frac{4}{15} \approx 0.267\). 3. b) The problem explicitly assumes that each individual piece has the same chance of being selected. 4. c) There are \(8 + 10 = 18\) pieces that are not apples. Therefore, \(P(\text{not an apple}) = \frac{18}{30} = \frac{3}{5} = 0.6\).

a) \(\frac{4}{15} \approx 26.7\%\) b) Each individual piece of fruit is assumed to be equally likely. c) \(\frac{3}{5} = 60\%\)

- Count the values from \(1\) through \(150\) that satisfy each condition. - List the relevant multiples systematically rather than checking at random. - Find the largest perfect square no greater than \(150\). - A number ending in \(0\) or \(5\) is divisible by \(5\).

1. a) There are \(10\) multiples of \(15\) from \(1\) through \(150\). Thus, \(P = \frac{10}{150} = \frac{1}{15} \approx 0.0667\). 2. b) The perfect squares are \(1^2\) through \(12^2\), since \(12^2 = 144\) and \(13^2 = 169\). There are \(12\), so \(P = \frac{12}{150} = \frac{2}{25}\). 3. c) Numbers ending in \(0\) or \(5\) are the multiples of \(5\). There are \(150 \div 5 = 30\), so \(P = \frac{30}{150} = \frac{1}{5}\).

a) \(\frac{1}{15} \approx 6.67\%\) b) \(\frac{2}{25} = 8\%\) c) \(\frac{1}{5} = 20\%\)

- Compare the number of sections of each color. - For equally likely outcomes, treat each equal-size section as a separate outcome. - Numbering the sections can distinguish them.

1. Each of the \(10\) sections has probability \(\frac{1}{10}\). 2. a) The color probabilities are \(P(\text{blue}) = \frac{5}{10} = 0.5\), \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{3}{10} = 0.3\), and \(P(\text{yellow}) = \frac{2}{10} = 0.2\). Because these probabilities differ, the color outcomes are not equally likely. 3. b) Number the individual sections \(1\) through \(10\). Then \(S' = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\}\), and every outcome has probability \(\frac{1}{10}\).

a) \(P(\text{blue}) = 0.5\), \(P(\text{red}) = 0.3\), and \(P(\text{yellow}) = 0.2\), so the outcomes are not equally likely. b) One possible sample space is \(S' = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\}\), where each number represents one section.

- Divide each category count by the total number of truffles. - Compare the three probabilities. - Equally likely outcomes must have the same probability.

1. There are \(7 + 4 + 1 = 12\) truffles. 2. a) \(P(\text{milk}) = \frac{7}{12}\), \(P(\text{dark}) = \frac{4}{12} = \frac{1}{3}\), and \(P(\text{white}) = \frac{1}{12}\). 3. b) The three probabilities are different. Therefore, the flavor-category outcomes cannot be modeled as equally likely.

a) \(P(\text{milk}) = \frac{7}{12}\), \(P(\text{dark}) = \frac{1}{3}\), and \(P(\text{white}) = \frac{1}{12}\) b) The outcomes are not equally likely because their probabilities are different.

- List every possible recorded result. - Compare the chances of the outcomes in each sample space. - Equal-size spinner sections represent equally likely outcomes.

1. a) \(S = \{\text{heads}, \text{tails}\}\). Because the coin is fair, both outcomes have probability \(\frac{1}{2}\), so they are equally likely. 2. b) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}\}\). The probabilities are \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{4}{10} = 0.4\) and \(P(\text{blue}) = \frac{6}{10} = 0.6\), so the outcomes are not equally likely. 3. c) \(S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\}\). The sections are equal in size, so each outcome has probability \(\frac{1}{8}\) and the outcomes are equally likely.

a) \(S = \{\text{heads}, \text{tails}\}\); equally likely b) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}\}\); not equally likely because the probabilities are \(0.4\) and \(0.6\) c) \(S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\}\); equally likely

- A standard deck has \(52\) cards altogether. - Each suit contains \(13\) cards. - Count all kings and aces without overlap. - Count the ranks from \(2\) through \(10\), then account for four suits.

1. a) There are \(13\) hearts, so \(P(\text{heart}) = \frac{13}{52} = \frac{1}{4}\). 2. b) There are \(4\) kings and \(4\) aces. These categories do not overlap, so \(P(\text{king or ace}) = \frac{8}{52} = \frac{2}{13}\). 3. c) There are \(9\) number ranks from \(2\) through \(10\), with \(4\) cards of each rank. Thus, \(P(\text{number card}) = \frac{36}{52} = \frac{9}{13}\).

a) \(\frac{1}{4} = 25\%\) b) \(\frac{2}{13} \approx 15.38\%\) c) \(\frac{9}{13} \approx 69.23\%\)

- Count the total number of letters, including repeats. - Count how often each relevant letter appears. - Use a complement for “not H.” - For “C or M,” add the counts of the two different letters.

1. MATHEMATICS has \(11\) letters. The relevant counts are E: \(1\), vowels: \(4\), H: \(1\), C: \(1\), and M: \(2\). 2. a) \(P(E) = \frac{1}{11}\). 3. b) \(P(\text{vowel}) = \frac{4}{11}\). 4. c) \(P(\text{not H}) = \frac{10}{11}\). 5. d) \(P(C\text{ or }M) = \frac{1 + 2}{11} = \frac{3}{11}\).

a) \(\frac{1}{11}\) b) \(\frac{4}{11}\) c) \(\frac{10}{11}\) d) \(\frac{3}{11}\)

- List the possible recorded colors. - Divide each color count by \(20\). - An equally likely model requires all recorded outcomes to have equal probabilities. - Compare the probabilities within each case.

1. a) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}\}\). Both probabilities are \(\frac{10}{20} = 0.5\), so the outcomes are equally likely. 2. b) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}, \text{green}, \text{yellow}\}\). Every color has probability \(\frac{5}{20} = 0.25\), so the outcomes are equally likely. 3. c) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}, \text{green}\}\). The probabilities are \(0.1\), \(0.4\), and \(0.5\), respectively, so the outcomes are not equally likely.

a) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}\}\); equally likely b) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}, \text{green}, \text{yellow}\}\); equally likely c) \(S = \{\text{red}, \text{blue}, \text{green}\}\); not equally likely

- Count all letters, including repeated letters. - Count N and the vowels separately in each word. - Compare the fractions using decimals or a common denominator.

1. PERCENTAGE has \(10\) letters and contains N once, so \(P_A(N) = \frac{1}{10}\). Its vowels are E, E, A, and E, so \(P_A(\text{vowel}) = \frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5}\). 2. INTEREST has \(8\) letters and contains N once, so \(P_B(N) = \frac{1}{8}\). Its vowels are I, E, and E, so \(P_B(\text{vowel}) = \frac{3}{8}\). 3. a) Since \(\frac{1}{8} > \frac{1}{10}\), Word B has the greater probability of N. 4. b) Since \(\frac{2}{5} = 0.4\) and \(\frac{3}{8} = 0.375\), Word A has the greater probability of a vowel.

a) Word A: \(\frac{1}{10}\); Word B: \(\frac{1}{8}\). Word B is greater. b) Word A: \(\frac{2}{5}\); Word B: \(\frac{3}{8}\). Word A is greater.

- Find the total number of marbles. - Not green includes red and blue. - Convert each fraction to a denominator of \(100\).

1. The bag contains \(12 + 8 + 5 = 25\) marbles. 2. a) \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{12}{25} = \frac{48}{100} = 48\%\). 3. b) There are \(12 + 8 = 20\) marbles that are not green. Thus, \(P(\text{not green}) = \frac{20}{25} = \frac{80}{100} = 80\%\).

a) \(48\%\) b) \(80\%\)

- Multiply the total by each known probability to find the corresponding count. - Convert \(45\%\) to \(0.45\). - Subtract the black and white counts from \(60\).

1. The number of black balls is \(\frac{1}{3} \cdot 60 = 20\). 2. The number of white balls is \(0.45 \cdot 60 = 27\). 3. The number of gray balls is \(60 - 20 - 27 = 13\).

There are \(13\) gray balls.

- Count favorable and unfavorable die outcomes. - Subtract favorable outcomes from the total to find unfavorable outcomes. - Add the parts of the color ratio.

1. The prime numbers are \(2,3,5,7\), so there are \(4\) favorable and \(4\) unfavorable outcomes. The odds in favor are \(4:4=1:1\). 2. If \(k\) of \(n\) outcomes are favorable, then \(n-k\) are unfavorable. The odds in favor are \(k:(n-k)\). 3. The ratio has \(5+3=8\) total parts, with \(3\) blue parts. Thus, \(P(\text{blue})=\frac{3}{8}=0.375\).

a) \(1\) to \(1\) b) \(k\) to \(n-k\) c) \(\frac{3}{8}=0.375\)

- Count the parts satisfying each condition. - Add counts for nonoverlapping categories. - Use a complement for “not a screw.”

1. For a nut or washer, there are \(40+20=60\) favorable parts, so \(P=\frac{60}{120}=0.5\). 2. Stainless-steel parts include \(15\) screws and \(10\) specialty bolts, so \(P=\frac{25}{120}=\frac{5}{24}\). 3. There are \(120-50=70\) parts that are not screws, so \(P=\frac{70}{120}=\frac{7}{12}\).

a) \(0.5\) b) \(\frac{5}{24}\approx 0.2083\) c) \(\frac{7}{12}\approx 0.5833\)

- Count sections satisfying each condition. - For gold, count sections by color rather than prize label. - Equal-size sections support an equally likely-outcomes model.

1. There are \(10+2+8=20\) prize sections, so \(P(\text{any prize})=\frac{20}{24}=\frac{5}{6}\). 2. There are \(2+4=6\) gold sections, so \(P(\text{gold})=\frac{6}{24}=\frac{1}{4}\). 3. Excluding \(4\) no-prize and \(2\) grand-prize sections leaves \(18\) sections, so \(P=\frac{18}{24}=\frac{3}{4}\). 4. All \(24\) sections are equal in size, so they are modeled as equally likely outcomes.

a) \(\frac{5}{6}\) b) \(\frac{1}{4}\) c) \(\frac{3}{4}\) d) The equal-size sections are equally likely.

- Count the total number of equal sections. This will be the denominator. - Count the shaded sections. This will be the numerator for \(P(E)\). - Simplify each fraction completely. - The complement includes every section outside the original event. - The probabilities of an event and its complement add to \(1\).

1. The spinner has \(10\) equal sections, and \(4\) of them are shaded. 2. Therefore, \(P(E) = \frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5}\). 3. The complement \(\overline{E}\) occurs when the spinner lands on an unshaded section. 4. There are \(10 - 4 = 6\) unshaded sections, so \(P(\overline{E}) = \frac{6}{10} = \frac{3}{5}\). Equivalently, \(P(\overline{E}) = 1 - P(E) = 1 - \frac{2}{5} = \frac{3}{5}\).

1. \(P(E) = \frac{2}{5}\) 2. \(\overline{E}\): The spinner lands on an unshaded section. 3. \(P(\overline{E}) = \frac{3}{5}\)

- Use \(8\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - Identify the sections whose numbers are divisible by \(5\). - For part b, include every section that satisfies at least one of the two conditions, but count overlaps only once. - For part c, keep only sections that satisfy both conditions. - Convert favorable outcomes divided by \(8\) to a percent.

1. The spinner has \(8\) equally likely outcomes. 2. For \(E_1\), the numbers divisible by \(5\) are \(5, 15, 20, 25\). Thus, \(P(E_1) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2}\). 3. For \(E_2\), the prime numbers are \(2, 3, 5\), and the yellow sections contain \(12\) and \(15\). These are \(5\) distinct outcomes, so \(P(E_2) = \frac{5}{8}\). 4. For \(E_3\), the odd numbers are \(3, 5, 15, 25\). Excluding the blue section labeled \(5\) leaves \(3, 15, 25\), so \(P(E_3) = \frac{3}{8}\).

a) \(P(E_1) = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\) b) \(P(E_2) = \frac{5}{8} = 62.5\%\) c) \(P(E_3) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\)

- Count the favorable sectors and the total sectors on each spinner. - Write a probability fraction for each choice. - Compare the fractions for the same winning color.

1. For Mia, Spinner A has \(6\) red sectors out of \(12\), so \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}\). Spinner B has \(3\) red sectors out of \(8\), so \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{3}{8}\). Since \(\frac{1}{2} > \frac{3}{8}\), Mia should choose Spinner A. 2. For Ben, Spinner A has \(2\) yellow sectors out of \(12\), so \(P(\text{yellow}) = \frac{2}{12} = \frac{1}{6}\). Spinner B has \(2\) yellow sectors out of \(8\), so \(P(\text{yellow}) = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}\). Since \(\frac{1}{4} > \frac{1}{6}\), Ben should choose Spinner B.

a) Spinner A, because \(\frac{1}{2} > \frac{3}{8}\) b) Spinner B, because \(\frac{1}{4} > \frac{1}{6}\)

- What outcomes are outside the event “yellow”? - How are the probability of an event and the probability of its complement related? - You can count the non-yellow balls directly or subtract the probability of yellow from \(1\). - Simplify the fraction if possible.

1. The complement occurs when the selected ball is outside event \(E\). Therefore, the selected ball is red or blue. 2. There are \(4 + 1 = 5\) non-yellow balls out of \(12\) balls total, so \(P(\overline{E}) = \frac{5}{12}\). 3. The same result follows from the complement rule: \(P(\overline{E}) = 1 - P(E) = 1 - \frac{7}{12} = \frac{5}{12}\).

a) The selected ball is red or blue. b) \(P(\overline{E}) = \frac{5}{12}\)

- Count the total number of equal sections and the number of sections of each color. - Probability is favorable sections divided by total sections. - For “not red,” count all sections that are not red. - For “green or yellow,” add the two favorable counts. - Convert each fraction to a percent.

1. The spinner has \(10\) equal sections: \(4\) red, \(3\) blue, \(2\) green, and \(1\) yellow. 2. For part a, \(10 - 4 = 6\) sections are not red, so the probability is \(\frac{6}{10} = 60\%\). 3. For part b, \(2 + 1 = 3\) sections are green or yellow, so the probability is \(\frac{3}{10} = 30\%\). 4. For part c, \(3\) sections are blue, so the probability is \(\frac{3}{10} = 30\%\).

a) \(60\%\) b) \(30\%\) c) \(30\%\)

- Recall that equally likely color outcomes must have the same probability. - Count each color and the total number of balls in each bag. - Color outcomes are equally likely only when the color counts are equal. - Probability is favorable balls divided by total balls.

1. Bag A contains \(3\) blue, \(3\) red, and \(3\) yellow balls, for \(9\) balls total. Each color has probability \(\frac{3}{9} = \frac{1}{3}\), so its color outcomes are equally likely. 2. Bag B contains \(4\) blue, \(2\) red, and \(3\) yellow balls. The probabilities are \(\frac{4}{9}\), \(\frac{2}{9}\), and \(\frac{3}{9}\), so its color outcomes are not equally likely. 3. The red-ball probabilities are \(P_A(\text{red}) = \frac{3}{9} = \frac{1}{3}\) and \(P_B(\text{red}) = \frac{2}{9}\).

a) Bag A, because it contains the same number of balls of each color. b) Bag A: \(\frac{1}{3}\) Bag B: \(\frac{2}{9}\)

- Count the total number of equal sections and the number in each color. - You can find a complement probability by subtracting the original probability from \(1\). - For part b, which color remains after excluding yellow and blue?

1. There are \(3\) red sections out of \(8\), so \(P(E) = \frac{3}{8} = 0.375 = 37.5\%\). 2. The complement \(\overline{E}\) is landing on a blue or yellow section. Therefore, \(P(\overline{E}) = 1 - \frac{3}{8} = \frac{5}{8} = 0.625 = 62.5\%\). 3. Event \(A\) includes every blue or yellow section. Because the only colors are red, blue, and yellow, the complement \(\overline{A}\) is landing on a red section. 4. Thus, \(P(\overline{A}) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\).

a) \(P(E) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\) and \(P(\overline{E}) = \frac{5}{8} = 62.5\%\) b) \(\overline{A}\): The spinner lands on a red section. \(P(\overline{A}) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\)

- Write the number of red sectors over the total number of sectors for each spinner. - Compare the two probability fractions, not only the favorable counts.

1. Spinner A has \(3\) red sectors out of \(6\), so its winning probability is \(\frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2}\). 2. Spinner B has \(3\) red sectors out of \(8\), so its winning probability is \(\frac{3}{8}\). 3. Jonas compared only the number of red sectors, not the total number of equal sectors. Since \(\frac{1}{2} > \frac{3}{8}\), Spinner A gives the greater probability.

a) The total number of equal sectors also matters: \(3\) out of \(6\) is not the same probability as \(3\) out of \(8\). b) Spinner A, because \(\frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2} > \frac{3}{8}\).

- For each urn, count the total number of balls. - Remember that \(1\) is not prime. - Count the prime numbers and even numbers in each urn. - Compare the resulting fractions or percents.

1. In Urn A, the prime numbers are \(2, 3, 5\), so \(P(\text{prime from A}) = \frac{3}{5} = 60\%\). The even numbers are \(2, 4\), so \(P(\text{even from A}) = \frac{2}{5} = 40\%\). 2. In Urn B, the prime numbers are \(2, 3, 5, 7\), so \(P(\text{prime from B}) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). The even numbers are \(2, 4, 6, 8\), so \(P(\text{even from B}) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 3. Since \(60\% > 50\%\), a prime number is more likely from Urn A. Since \(50\% > 40\%\), an even number is more likely from Urn B.

a) Urn A: \(\frac{3}{5} = 60\%\), compared with \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\) for Urn B b) Urn B: \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\), compared with \(\frac{2}{5} = 40\%\) for Urn A

- Find the total number of balls in each urn. - Count the favorable balls for each event. - Divide each favorable count by its urn total. - Convert the probabilities to percents to compare them.

1. Urn 1 contains \(4 + 2 + 2 = 8\) balls. Urn 2 contains \(3 + 3 + 4 = 10\) balls. 2. For a blue ball, \(P(\text{blue from Urn 1}) = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\), while \(P(\text{blue from Urn 2}) = \frac{3}{10} = 30\%\). Therefore, a blue ball is more likely from Urn 2. 3. The odd labels are \(1\) and \(3\). In Urn 1, \(4 + 2 = 6\) balls have odd labels, so the probability is \(\frac{6}{8} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\). In Urn 2, \(3 + 4 = 7\) balls have odd labels, so the probability is \(\frac{7}{10} = 70\%\). Therefore, an odd label is more likely from Urn 1.

a) Urn 2: \(30\%\), compared with \(25\%\) for Urn 1 b) Urn 1: \(75\%\), compared with \(70\%\) for Urn 2

- Use \(16\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - List the section numbers satisfying each condition. - For “and,” keep outcomes satisfying both conditions. - For “or,” combine the outcomes and count any overlap only once. - Simplify each fraction and convert it to a percent.

1. The green sections are numbered \(3, 7, 11, 15\), and all four numbers are odd. Thus, the probability in part a is \(\frac{4}{16} = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\). 2. The numbers greater than \(10\) are \(11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16\), giving \(6\) favorable sections. Thus, the probability in part b is \(\frac{6}{16} = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\). 3. The red sections are numbered \(1, 5, 9, 13\), and the even-numbered sections are \(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16\). These sets do not overlap, so there are \(4 + 8 = 12\) favorable sections. Thus, the probability in part c is \(\frac{12}{16} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\).

a) \(\frac{1}{4} = 25\%\) b) \(\frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\) c) \(\frac{3}{4} = 75\%\)

- Count the total number of equal sections. - Confirm that equal-size sections make the individual outcomes equally likely. - Count the sections satisfying each condition. - For “neither blue nor yellow,” identify the remaining colors. - Simplify each fraction.

1. The spinner has \(8\) equally likely sections. 2. There are \(3\) blue sections, so the probability in part a is \(\frac{3}{8}\). 3. A section that is neither blue nor yellow must be red or green. There are \(2\) red and \(2\) green sections, so the probability in part b is \(\frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2}\). 4. There are \(2 + 2 = 4\) red or green sections, so the probability in part c is \(\frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2}\).

a) \(\frac{3}{8}\) b) \(\frac{1}{2}\) c) \(\frac{1}{2}\)

- Use \(12\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - List the balls satisfying each condition. - For “and,” keep only outcomes satisfying both conditions. - For “or,” combine the outcomes and count any overlap only once.

1. There are \(12\) equally likely balls. 2. For \(E_1\), the even numbers are \(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12\). Thus, \(P(E_1) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}\). 3. The blue balls are numbered \(2, 6, 10\). The blue balls with numbers greater than \(5\) are \(6\) and \(10\), so \(P(E_2) = \frac{2}{12} = \frac{1}{6}\). 4. The numbers divisible by \(3\) are \(3, 6, 9, 12\), and the red balls are numbered \(1, 5, 9\). Their union is \(1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12\), so \(P(E_3) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}\).

a) \(P(E_1) = \frac{1}{2}\) b) \(P(E_2) = \frac{1}{6}\) c) \(P(E_3) = \frac{1}{2}\)

- Use \(8\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - For part a, identify the sections satisfying both conditions. - For part b, combine the odd-numbered and blue sections, counting any overlap only once. - Simplify the resulting fractions.

1. The spinner has \(8\) equally likely outcomes. 2. For event \(A\), the outcomes that are both greater than \(4\) and red are \(5\) and \(6\). Therefore, \(P(A) = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}\). 3. The odd numbers are \(1, 3, 5, 7\), and the blue sections are numbered \(1\) and \(2\). Their union is \(1, 2, 3, 5, 7\), so \(P(B) = \frac{5}{8}\).

a) \(P(A) = \frac{1}{4}\) b) \(P(B) = \frac{5}{8}\)

- Count the red balls and total balls in each urn. - Write each winning probability as a fraction. - Simplify or use equivalent fractions to compare them.

1. Urn A has \(2\) red balls out of \(5\), so Lara’s winning probability is \(\frac{2}{5}\). 2. Urn B has \(4\) red balls out of \(10\), so Jonas’s winning probability is \(\frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5}\). 3. The probabilities are equal. Urn B has twice as many red balls, but it also has twice as many balls altogether.

No. Both players have a winning probability of \(\frac{2}{5}\), because \(\frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5}\).

- Use the stated blue, white, and total counts. - Divide each favorable count by the total and simplify. - Convert each fraction to a percent.

1. The diagram shows \(20\) marbles arranged in \(4\) rows and \(5\) columns. There are \(8\) blue marbles and \(20 - 8 = 12\) white marbles. 2. The probability of selecting a blue marble is \(\frac{8}{20} = \frac{2}{5} = 40\%\). 3. The probability of selecting a white marble is \(\frac{12}{20} = \frac{3}{5} = 60\%\).

a) \(\frac{2}{5} = 40\%\) b) \(\frac{3}{5} = 60\%\)

- Probability is favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes. - Use the stated red and total counts in each urn. - Write each probability as red balls divided by total balls. - Compare the fractions using a common denominator or convert them to percents.

1. Urn A contains \(3\) red balls and \(5\) blue balls, for \(8\) balls total. Thus, \(P(\text{red from A}) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\). 2. Urn B contains \(2\) red balls and \(3\) blue balls, for \(5\) balls total. Thus, \(P(\text{red from B}) = \frac{2}{5} = 40\%\). 3. Since \(40\% > 37.5\%\), selecting a red ball is more likely from Urn B.

Urn B has the greater probability. Urn A: \(\frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\) Urn B: \(\frac{2}{5} = 40\%\)

- Use \(12\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - Count every section whose label satisfies the condition. - Repeated labels represent separate outcomes. - Simplify each fraction.

1. The spinner has \(12\) equally likely sections. 2. The numbers greater than \(5\) are \(10\) and \(20\). The number \(10\) appears on \(3\) sections, and \(20\) appears on \(2\) sections, for \(5\) favorable outcomes. Thus, the probability in part a is \(\frac{5}{12}\). 3. The even numbers are \(2\), \(10\), and \(20\). They appear on \(4 + 3 + 2 = 9\) sections, so the probability in part b is \(\frac{9}{12} = \frac{3}{4}\).

a) \(\frac{5}{12}\) b) \(\frac{3}{4}\)

- Count the total number of equal sections. - Equal-size sections have equal individual probabilities. - For part a, add the red and yellow sections. - For part b, use the complement of landing on blue. - Simplify each fraction before converting to a percent.

1. The spinner has \(12\) equally likely outcomes. 2. There are \(5\) red sections and \(4\) yellow sections, so there are \(5 + 4 = 9\) favorable outcomes in part a. The probability is \(\frac{9}{12} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\). 3. There is \(1\) blue section. Using the complement, the probability of not landing on blue is \(1 - \frac{1}{12} = \frac{11}{12} \approx 91.67\%\).

a) \(\frac{3}{4} = 75\%\) b) \(\frac{11}{12} \approx 91.67\%\)

- Use \(8\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - Count sections, not just distinct number labels. - Remember that a prime number has exactly two positive factors. - Divide favorable sections by \(8\). - Simplify each probability and convert it to a percent.

1. The odd-numbered sections are labeled \(3, 5, 5, 9\), giving \(4\) favorable outcomes. Thus, the probability in part a is \(\frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 2. The prime-numbered sections are labeled \(2, 3, 5, 5\), giving \(4\) favorable outcomes. Thus, the probability in part b is \(\frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 3. The sections with numbers greater than \(4\) are labeled \(5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 9\), giving \(6\) favorable outcomes. Thus, the probability in part c is \(\frac{6}{8} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\). 4. The sections with numbers divisible by \(3\) are labeled \(3\) and \(9\), giving \(2\) favorable outcomes. Thus, the probability in part d is \(\frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\).

a) \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\) b) \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\) c) \(\frac{3}{4} = 75\%\) d) \(\frac{1}{4} = 25\%\)

- Use the stated total number of sections and marked sections. - Divide the favorable count by the total. - Simplify the fraction, then convert it to a percent.

1. The spinner has \(10\) equally likely sections. 2. Four sections are marked, so the probability of winning is \(\frac{4}{10}\). 3. Simplifying and converting to a percent gives \(\frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5} = 40\%\).

The probability of winning is \(\frac{2}{5}\), or \(40\%\).

- Count the total number of equal sections. - Count the red sections. - Divide the favorable count by the total and simplify.

1. The spinner has \(6\) equally likely sections. 2. Two sections are red, so the probability is \(\frac{2}{6}\). 3. Simplifying gives \(\frac{2}{6} = \frac{1}{3}\).

The probability is \(\frac{1}{3}\).

- Use the stated total number of sections and yellow sections. - Divide the favorable count by the total and simplify.

1. The spinner has \(10\) equally likely sections. 2. Six sections are yellow, so the probability is \(\frac{6}{10}\). 3. Simplifying gives \(\frac{6}{10} = \frac{3}{5}\).

The probability is \(\frac{3}{5}\).

- Use the stated total number of sections and marked sections. - Write favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes. - Simplify the fraction, then convert it to a decimal and a percent.

1. The spinner has \(16\) equally likely sections, and \(6\) are marked. 2. The probability of winning is \(\frac{6}{16} = \frac{3}{8}\). 3. Converting the fraction gives \(\frac{3}{8} = 0.375 = 37.5\%\).

The probability is \(\frac{3}{8} = 0.375 = 37.5\%\).

- Count the total number of chocolates and the orange-wrapped chocolates. - Use the orange count as the numerator and the total as the denominator. - Check whether the fraction can be simplified. - Convert the fraction to an equivalent fraction with denominator \(100\). - In an equally likely selection, the probability equals the corresponding fraction of the set.

1. There are \(25\) chocolates total and \(9\) with orange wrappers. 2. The fraction with orange wrappers is \(\frac{9}{25}\), which is already in simplest form. 3. The probability of selecting an orange-wrapped chocolate is \(\frac{9}{25} = \frac{36}{100} = 36\%\).

a) \(\frac{9}{25}\) b) \(36\%\)

- Count the red sectors and total sectors on each spinner. - Write a probability fraction for each spinner. - Use a common denominator to compare the fractions.

1. On Spinner a), \(1\) of \(4\) sectors is red, so the winning probability is \(\frac{1}{4}\). 2. On Spinner b), \(3\) of \(8\) sectors are red, so the winning probability is \(\frac{3}{8}\). 3. Rewrite \(\frac{1}{4}\) as \(\frac{2}{8}\). Since \(\frac{3}{8} > \frac{2}{8}\), Spinner b) gives the greater probability.

Spinner b), because \(\frac{3}{8} > \frac{1}{4} = \frac{2}{8}\).

- List the prime numbers from \(1\) through \(15\) and the multiples of \(3\) from \(1\) through \(20\). - Divide each winning count by the total number of sections. - Remember that \(1\) is not prime. - Convert the two winning probabilities to percents when comparing them. - For part c, find \(45\%\) of \(20\).

1. The prime numbers from \(1\) through \(15\) are \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13\), so Spinner A has \(6\) winning sections. Thus, \(P(A) = \frac{6}{15} = \frac{2}{5} = 40\%\). 2. The multiples of \(3\) from \(1\) through \(20\) are \(3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18\), so Spinner B has \(6\) winning sections. Thus, \(P(B) = \frac{6}{20} = \frac{3}{10} = 30\%\). 3. Since \(40\% > 30\%\), Spinner A gives the greater chance of winning. 4. For Spinner B to have a winning probability of \(45\%\), it must have \(0.45 \cdot 20 = 9\) winning sections.

a) Spinner A: \(40\%\); Spinner B: \(30\%\) b) Spinner A, because \(40\% > 30\%\) c) \(9\) winning sections in total

- Count the total number of equal sections. - List the distinct colors that can occur. - Count the sections of each color and divide by \(10\). - For part c, use the complement of landing on green.

1. The possible color outcomes are green, orange, and purple, so \(S = \{\text{green}, \text{orange}, \text{purple}\}\). 2. The spinner has \(10\) equal sections: \(2\) green, \(3\) orange, and \(5\) purple. 3. Therefore, \(P(C = \text{green}) = \frac{2}{10} = \frac{1}{5}\), \(P(C = \text{orange}) = \frac{3}{10}\), and \(P(C = \text{purple}) = \frac{5}{10} = \frac{1}{2}\). 4. Using the complement, \(P(\text{not green}) = 1 - \frac{1}{5} = \frac{4}{5} = 80\%\).

a) \(S = \{\text{green}, \text{orange}, \text{purple}\}\) b) Green: \(\frac{1}{5}\); Orange: \(\frac{3}{10}\); Purple: \(\frac{1}{2}\) c) \(80\%\)

- Count the red balls, blue balls, and total balls. - Two color outcomes are equally likely only when the two color counts are equal. - Split \(6\) equally between the colors.

1. The bag contains \(5\) red balls and \(1\) blue ball, for \(6\) balls total. 2. a) The colors are not equally likely because their counts are different. The probability of red is \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{5}{6}\). 3. b) With \(6\) balls and two equally likely colors, there must be \(3\) balls of each color. Replace \(2\) red balls with \(2\) blue balls.

a) The claim is incorrect; \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{5}{6}\). b) Use \(3\) red balls and \(3\) blue balls, such as by replacing \(2\) red balls with \(2\) blue balls.

- Count the yellow balls and total balls in each urn. - Write each winning probability as a fraction. - Use a common denominator to compare the fractions.

1. Urn 1 has \(3\) yellow balls out of \(12\), so its winning probability is \(\frac{3}{12} = \frac{1}{4}\). 2. Urn 2 has \(2\) yellow balls out of \(5\), so its winning probability is \(\frac{2}{5}\). 3. Using a common denominator, \(\frac{1}{4} = \frac{5}{20}\) and \(\frac{2}{5} = \frac{8}{20}\). Since \(\frac{8}{20} > \frac{5}{20}\), Urn 2 gives the greater probability.

Urn 2, because \(\frac{2}{5} > \frac{3}{12} = \frac{1}{4}\).

- Count the blue balls and total balls in each jar. - Compare the winning fractions using a common denominator. - An event is certain only when no other outcome is possible.

1. Jar 1 has \(1\) blue ball out of \(4\), so its winning probability is \(\frac{1}{4} = \frac{2}{8}\). 2. Jar 2 has \(3\) blue balls out of \(8\), so its winning probability is \(\frac{3}{8}\). Since \(\frac{3}{8} > \frac{2}{8}\), Jar 2 gives the greater probability. 3. For drawing blue to be certain from Jar 1, no red balls can remain. All \(3\) red balls must be removed.

a) Jar 2, because \(\frac{3}{8} > \frac{1}{4}\) b) Remove all \(3\) red balls.

- Count the balls of each color. - With equally likely balls, the color with the greatest count has the greatest probability. - Equal color counts give equal drawing probabilities.

1. Count the balls: \(3\) red, \(4\) blue, and \(5\) green. 2. Green has the greatest probability because it has the greatest count, \(5\), and all balls are equally likely to be drawn. 3. Red and green will have equal probabilities when they have equal counts. Add \(5 - 3 = 2\) red balls.

a) Green b) Add \(2\) red balls.

- Find the total number of balls. - Divide each favorable count by the total. - For “or,” add the counts of the two different colors. - For “not gray,” count the blue and orange balls or use the complement.

1. The urn contains \(4 + 7 + 9 = 20\) balls. 2. For event \(A\), \(P(A) = \frac{4}{20} = 0.2\). 3. Event \(B\) has \(7 + 9 = 16\) favorable balls, so \(P(B) = \frac{16}{20} = 0.8\). 4. Event \(C\) includes the blue and orange balls, for \(4 + 7 = 11\) favorable balls. Thus, \(P(C) = \frac{11}{20} = 0.55\).

a) \(P(A) = 0.2\) b) \(P(B) = 0.8\) c) \(P(C) = 0.55\)

- Count the balls that satisfy each event. - Divide each favorable count by \(8\). - Distinguish the equally likely individual balls from events that contain different numbers of balls.

1. The sample space for the numbered balls is \(S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\}\), with \(8\) equally likely outcomes. 2. \(A = \{2, 4, 6, 8\}\), so \(P(A) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2}\). 3. The blue balls are numbered \(1\), \(2\), \(3\), and \(4\), so \(P(B) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2}\). 4. \(C = \{6, 7, 8\}\), so \(P(C) = \frac{3}{8}\). 5. Each physical ball is assumed to have the same chance of being drawn, so the eight individual-ball outcomes are equally likely.

\(P(A) = \frac{1}{2}\), \(P(B) = \frac{1}{2}\), and \(P(C) = \frac{3}{8}\). The individual-ball outcomes are equally likely because each ball has probability \(\frac{1}{8}\).

- Use \(12\) as the total number of equally likely balls. - Count all balls whose labels satisfy each condition. - Divide each favorable count by \(12\) and simplify.

1. There are \(12\) equally likely balls. 2. Event \(A\) has \(3\) favorable balls, so \(P(A) = \frac{3}{12} = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\). 3. Event \(B\) includes the \(3\) balls labeled \(2\) and the \(5\) balls labeled \(3\), for \(8\) favorable balls. Thus, \(P(B) = \frac{8}{12} = \frac{2}{3} \approx 66.7\%\). 4. Event \(C\) includes the \(4\) balls labeled \(1\) and the \(5\) balls labeled \(3\), for \(9\) favorable balls. Thus, \(P(C) = \frac{9}{12} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\).

a) \(P(A) = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\) b) \(P(B) = \frac{2}{3} \approx 66.7\%\) c) \(P(C) = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\)

- Check whether the three visible outcomes are equally likely. - Use the actual fraction of the spinner covered by each section.

1. The three labeled outcomes are not equally likely because the sections have different sizes. 2. Sections \(A\) and \(B\) do not overlap, so \(P(A\text{ or }B) = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{2}\).

\(P(A\text{ or }B) = \frac{1}{2}\), not \(\frac{2}{3}\)

- Equal color probabilities require equal numbers of balls of each color. - Use the largest existing color count as the target. - Divide one color count by the new total.

1. a) There are \(12 + 8 + 4 = 24\) balls. The color probabilities are \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{12}{24} = \frac{1}{2}\), \(P(\text{blue}) = \frac{8}{24} = \frac{1}{3}\), and \(P(\text{green}) = \frac{4}{24} = \frac{1}{6}\). They are not equal. 2. b) To add as few balls as possible, increase each smaller color count to \(12\). Add \(12 - 8 = 4\) blue balls and \(12 - 4 = 8\) green balls. Add no red balls. 3. c) The new bag has \(12\) balls of each color and \(36\) balls total. Therefore, the probability of each color is \(\frac{12}{36} = \frac{1}{3}\).

a) The probabilities are \(\frac{1}{2}\), \(\frac{1}{3}\), and \(\frac{1}{6}\), so they are not equal. b) Add \(0\) red balls, \(4\) blue balls, and \(8\) green balls. c) Each color has probability \(\frac{1}{3}\).

- Compare the shapes and areas of the faces. - Calculate the area of a square face and a rectangular face. - Consider whether the solid would land on every face equally often. - Decide whether the solid has the same symmetry as a cube.

1. Each square face has area \(3 \cdot 3 = 9\,\text{cm}^2\). 2. Each rectangular face has area \(3 \cdot 6 = 18\,\text{cm}^2\). 3. The solid does not have the symmetry of a cube. Its faces differ in shape and area, and its center of mass has different positions relative to the possible landing faces. 4. Therefore, having six faces does not imply \(P(1) = \cdots = P(6) = \frac{1}{6}\). Face area alone is also not enough to calculate the exact landing probabilities; experimental data or a physical model would be needed.

The claim is not justified. The rectangular prism lacks the symmetry of a fair number cube, so six faces do not automatically give six equally likely outcomes. Its landing probabilities would need to be estimated experimentally or determined from an appropriate physical model.

- List the numbers from \(1\) through \(25\) that satisfy each condition. - Remember that \(1\) is not prime. - Divide each favorable count by \(25\).

1. There are \(25\) equally likely outcomes. 2. The primes from \(1\) through \(25\) are \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23\). Thus, \(P(A) = \frac{9}{25} = 0.36\). 3. The multiples of \(6\) are \(6, 12, 18, 24\). Thus, \(P(B) = \frac{4}{25} = 0.16\). 4. The perfect squares are \(1, 4, 9, 16, 25\). Thus, \(P(C) = \frac{5}{25} = 0.2\). 5. Since \(0.16 < 0.2 < 0.36\), the order is \(B\), \(C\), \(A\).

\(P(A) = \frac{9}{25} = 36\%\), \(P(B) = \frac{4}{25} = 16\%\), and \(P(C) = \frac{1}{5} = 20\%\) Least to most likely: \(B, C, A\)

- Recall the definition of a prime number and that \(1\) is not prime. - List the positive divisors of \(20\). - Solve the inequality before counting the spinner outcomes. - Count the outcomes satisfying each condition.

1. There are \(20\) equally likely outcomes. 2. a) The primes are \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19\). Thus, \(P = \frac{8}{20} = \frac{2}{5}\). 3. b) The positive factors of \(20\) are \(1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20\). Thus, \(P = \frac{6}{20} = \frac{3}{10}\). 4. c) Solving gives \(3x < 16\), or \(x < \frac{16}{3}\). The possible spinner results are \(1, 2, 3, 4, 5\), so \(P = \frac{5}{20} = \frac{1}{4}\).

a) \(\frac{2}{5} = 40\%\) b) \(\frac{3}{10} = 30\%\) c) \(\frac{1}{4} = 25\%\)

- A spinner probability is the section angle divided by \(360^\circ\). - Compare the four probabilities. - Divide a full circle equally among four outcomes.

1. a) A full circle measures \(360^\circ\). Therefore, \(P(A) = \frac{120}{360} = \frac{1}{3}\), \(P(B) = \frac{1}{3}\), \(P(C) = \frac{60}{360} = \frac{1}{6}\), and \(P(D) = \frac{1}{6}\). 2. b) The probabilities are not all equal, so the four section outcomes are not equally likely. 3. c) Four equally likely sections must each have probability \(\frac{1}{4}\). Each central angle must be \(\frac{360^\circ}{4} = 90^\circ\).

a) \(P(A) = \frac{1}{3}\), \(P(B) = \frac{1}{3}\), \(P(C) = \frac{1}{6}\), and \(P(D) = \frac{1}{6}\) b) The outcomes are not equally likely because the sections have different sizes. c) Each section should have a central angle of \(90^\circ\).

- For a uniformly random time, use the fraction of the hour occupied by the program type. - Use a complement for no commercial. - Percentage-point change is the difference between the two percentages.

1. a) Music plays for \(27 + 15 = 42\) minutes, so \(P(\text{music}) = \frac{42}{60} = 0.7\). 2. b) Noncommercial programming lasts \(60 - 7 = 53\) minutes, so \(P(\text{no commercial}) = \frac{53}{60} \approx 0.8833\). 3. c) Initially, \(P(\text{rock}) = \frac{15}{60} = 25\%\). After the change, rock lasts \(18\) minutes, so \(P(\text{rock}) = \frac{18}{60} = 30\%\). The increase is \(30\% - 25\% = 5\) percentage points.

a) \(70\%\) b) \(\frac{53}{60} \approx 88.33\%\) c) \(5\) percentage points

- Use \(50\) as the denominator. - For not a dog, count all other animals. - Add the rabbit and bird counts before comparing.

1. a) \(P(\text{bird}) = \frac{4}{50} = \frac{2}{25} = 8\%\). 2. b) There are \(50 - 22 = 28\) animals that are not dogs. Thus, \(P(\text{not a dog}) = \frac{28}{50} = \frac{14}{25} = 56\%\). 3. c) \(P(\text{cat}) = \frac{18}{50} = 36\%\). The rabbit-or-bird count is \(6 + 4 = 10\), so \(P(\text{rabbit or bird}) = \frac{10}{50} = 20\%\). Selecting a cat is more likely.

a) \(\frac{2}{25} = 8\%\) b) \(56\%\) c) A cat is more likely: \(36\% > 20\%\).

- List the multiples of \(4\) no greater than \(30\). - Search systematically for the digit \(5\). - The digit sum is found by adding the digits of a number. - For part c, test the two-digit numbers whose digits could add to \(5\).

1. a) The multiples of \(4\) are \(4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28\). Thus, \(P = \frac{7}{30}\). 2. b) The numbers containing the digit \(5\) are \(5, 15, 25\). Thus, \(P = \frac{3}{30} = \frac{1}{10}\). 3. c) The two-digit numbers no greater than \(30\) whose digits sum to \(5\) are \(14\) and \(23\). Thus, \(P = \frac{2}{30} = \frac{1}{15}\).

a) \(\frac{7}{30} \approx 23.33\%\) b) \(\frac{1}{10} = 10\%\) c) \(\frac{1}{15} \approx 6.67\%\)

- How many balls are in the bag altogether? - For each event, identify exactly which balls satisfy the condition. - For an “or” event, check whether any outcomes satisfy both conditions so you do not count them twice. - For a “neither ... nor ...” event, it may help to count the opposite event first.

1. There are \(40\) equally likely outcomes. 2. a) Each color has one ball labeled \(5\), so there are \(4\) favorable outcomes. Therefore, \(P = \frac{4}{40} = \frac{1}{10} = 0.1\). 3. b) There are \(10\) yellow balls. Therefore, \(P = \frac{10}{40} = \frac{1}{4} = 0.25\). 4. c) Exactly one ball is the red \(7\). Therefore, \(P = \frac{1}{40} = 0.025\). 5. d) Of the \(10\) blue balls, one is labeled \(10\), so \(9\) are favorable. Therefore, \(P = \frac{9}{40} = 0.225\). 6. e) There are \(10\) green balls and \(3\) additional non-green balls labeled \(2\). Therefore, \(P = \frac{10 + 3}{40} = \frac{13}{40} = 0.325\). 7. f) There are \(10\) red balls and \(4\) balls labeled \(1\), with the red \(1\) counted in both groups. Thus, \(10 + 4 - 1 = 13\) balls are red or labeled \(1\). The remaining \(40 - 13 = 27\) balls satisfy neither condition, so \(P = \frac{27}{40} = 0.675\).

a) \(P = \frac{1}{10} = 0.1\) b) \(P = \frac{1}{4} = 0.25\) c) \(P = \frac{1}{40} = 0.025\) d) \(P = \frac{9}{40} = 0.225\) e) \(P = \frac{13}{40} = 0.325\) f) \(P = \frac{27}{40} = 0.675\)

- Organize the counts by supplier and condition in a small table. - What does “not from Supplier A” tell you about the supplier? - In part c, avoid counting defective components from Supplier B twice.

1. There are \(50\) components total. 2. a) There are \(5 + 2 = 7\) defective components, so \(P(\text{defective}) = \frac{7}{50} = 0.14\). 3. b) Supplier A provided \(30 - 5 = 25\) components that are not defective. Therefore, \(P(\text{A and not defective}) = \frac{25}{50} = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5\). 4. c) All \(20\) components from Supplier B satisfy the event. The \(5\) defective components from Supplier A also satisfy it. Therefore, there are \(20 + 5 = 25\) favorable outcomes, so \(P(\text{B or defective}) = \frac{25}{50} = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5\). 5. d) A component that did not come from Supplier A came from Supplier B. Supplier B provided \(20 - 2 = 18\) components that are not defective. Therefore, \(P = \frac{18}{50} = \frac{9}{25} = 0.36\).

a) \(P = \frac{7}{50} = 0.14\) b) \(P = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5\) c) \(P = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5\) d) \(P = \frac{9}{25} = 0.36\)

- Multiply the total number of letters by each probability. - Check the vowel and M conditions separately. - Both conditions must be true.

1. a) The required number of vowels is \(12 \cdot \frac{1}{3} = 4\). The required number of Ms is \(12 \cdot \frac{1}{6} = 2\). 2. b) MATHEMATICAL has \(12\) letters. Its vowels are A, E, A, I, and A, for \(5\) vowels. It contains \(2\) Ms. 3. The M condition is satisfied because \(\frac{2}{12} = \frac{1}{6}\), but the vowel condition is not because \(\frac{5}{12} \neq \frac{1}{3}\). Therefore, the word does not satisfy both conditions.

a) \(4\) vowels and \(2\) Ms b) No. MATHEMATICAL has \(5\) vowels and \(2\) Ms, so only the M condition is satisfied.

- Which numbers from \(1\) through \(10\) are perfect squares? - Which numbers from \(1\) through \(10\) are prime? - After identifying the winning outcomes, which outcomes remain? - For a fair spinner, how is probability calculated from the number of favorable sections?

1. The sample space is \(S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\}\). 2. a) The perfect squares are \(1, 4, 9\), and the prime numbers are \(2, 3, 5, 7\). Therefore, \(G = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9\}\). 3. b) The outcomes outside \(G\) are \(6, 8, 10\). Thus, \(\overline{G}\) is the event that the spinner lands on \(6\), \(8\), or \(10\). 4. c) There are \(7\) winning outcomes and \(3\) outcomes in the complement. Therefore, \(P(G) = \frac{7}{10} = 0.7\) and \(P(\overline{G}) = \frac{3}{10} = 0.3\). 5. An event and its complement include every outcome without overlap, so \(P(G) + P(\overline{G}) = 1\).

a) \(S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\}\); \(G = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9\}\) b) \(\overline{G}\): The spinner lands on \(6\), \(8\), or \(10\). c) \(P(G) = 0.7\) and \(P(\overline{G}) = 0.3\). Their sum is \(1\).

- Divide the \(12\) sections equally among the three labels for part a. - Probability equals the number of matching sections divided by \(12\). - For part c, combine the sections labeled \(1\) and \(3\).

1. a) Each of three equally likely labels must appear on \(\frac{1}{3} \cdot 12 = 4\) sections. 2. b) \(P(1) = \frac{2}{12} = \frac{1}{6}\), \(P(2) = \frac{4}{12} = \frac{1}{3}\), and \(P(3) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}\). The probabilities are different, so the outcomes are not equally likely. 3. c) Even occurs on the \(4\) sections labeled \(2\), while odd occurs on the \(2 + 6 = 8\) sections labeled \(1\) or \(3\). Thus, \(P(\text{even}) = \frac{4}{12} = \frac{1}{3}\) and \(P(\text{odd}) = \frac{8}{12} = \frac{2}{3}\). The claim is false.

a) \(4\) sections for each label b) \(P(1) = \frac{1}{6}\), \(P(2) = \frac{1}{3}\), and \(P(3) = \frac{1}{2}\); not equally likely c) The claim is false because \(P(\text{even}) = \frac{1}{3}\) and \(P(\text{odd}) = \frac{2}{3}\).

- List the outcomes from \(1\) through \(12\) that satisfy each condition. - Do not count \(12\) twice in part b. - Find how many favorable outcomes correspond to probability \(\frac{1}{3}\).

1. a) The prime results are \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11\), so \(P = \frac{5}{12}\). 2. b) The results divisible by \(3\) are \(3, 6, 9, 12\), and those divisible by \(4\) are \(4, 8, 12\). Their union is \(\{3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12\}\), so \(P = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}\). 3. c) A probability of \(\frac{1}{3}\) requires \(12 \cdot \frac{1}{3} = 4\) winning outcomes. One possible rule is “win if the result is greater than \(8\),” which gives \(9, 10, 11, 12\).

a) \(\frac{5}{12}\) b) \(\frac{1}{2}\) c) One possible rule is “the result is greater than \(8\).”

- Assign every number from \(1\) through \(20\) to exactly one class. - Remember that \(1\) is neither prime nor composite. - A composite number has more than two positive factors. - Check that the three probabilities add to \(1\).

1. Class \(A\) contains the primes \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19\), for \(8\) outcomes. Thus, \(P(A) = \frac{8}{20} = 0.4\). 2. Class \(B\) contains \(4, 8, 12, 16, 20\), for \(5\) outcomes. Thus, \(P(B) = \frac{5}{20} = 0.25\). 3. Class \(C\) contains the remaining numbers \(1, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18\), for \(7\) outcomes. Thus, \(P(C) = \frac{7}{20} = 0.35\). 4. The probabilities add to \(0.4 + 0.25 + 0.35 = 1\).

\(P(A) = 0.4\) \(P(B) = 0.25\) \(P(C) = 0.35\)

- List each distinct letter only once. - Classify vowels first. - For the blue tiles, compare the remaining consonants with SCIENCE. - Assign every distinct letter to exactly one color.

1. The distinct letters in MATHEMATICS are \(\{M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S\}\), giving \(8\) tiles. 2. The red vowels are \(A, E, I\), giving \(3\) red tiles. Thus, \(P(\text{red}) = \frac{3}{8}\). 3. The consonants shared with SCIENCE are \(C\) and \(S\), giving \(2\) blue tiles. Thus, \(P(\text{blue}) = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}\). 4. The remaining letters are \(M, T, H\), giving \(3\) green tiles. Thus, \(P(\text{green}) = \frac{3}{8}\).

\(P(\text{red}) = \frac{3}{8}\) \(P(\text{blue}) = \frac{1}{4}\) \(P(\text{green}) = \frac{3}{8}\)

- Is the outcome produced by a chance mechanism or by deliberate choices? - An outcome can be uncertain without being generated randomly. - What feature of the name drawing makes probabilities meaningful?

1. A random chance experiment uses a chance mechanism to select among known possible outcomes. 2. In an election, students make intentional choices. The result may be uncertain beforehand, but the voting process is not itself a random mechanism. 3. Drawing one name from a well-mixed container is a random experiment because the selection is made by a chance process and each name can be assigned a probability. 4. Therefore, the election is not a random chance experiment in this sense, while the name drawing is.

The election is not a random chance experiment because its outcome is produced by students’ choices rather than a chance mechanism. Drawing a name from a well-mixed container is a random experiment because the selection is made randomly from known possible outcomes.

- For each bag, divide the sweet count by the total count. - Compare the probabilities using fractions, decimals, or percents. - Do not compare only the sweet counts.

1. Bag A contains \(20\) gummy bears, so \(P_A(\text{sweet}) = \frac{16}{20} = \frac{4}{5} = 80\%\). 2. Bag B contains \(28\) gummy bears, so \(P_B(\text{sweet}) = \frac{21}{28} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\). 3. Since \(80\% > 75\%\), Bag A gives the greater probability.

Paul should choose Bag A. Its sweet-gummy-bear probability is \(80\%\), compared with \(75\%\) for Bag B.

- List the numbers satisfying each condition. - Include numbers such as \(20\) and \(22\) in event \(B\). - Compare the favorable counts because both events have the same total of \(25\) outcomes.

1. Event \(A\) contains \(4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24\), for \(6\) outcomes. Thus, \(P(A) = \frac{6}{25} = 24\%\). 2. Event \(B\) contains \(2, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25\), for \(8\) outcomes. Thus, \(P(B) = \frac{8}{25} = 32\%\). 3. Since \(32\% > 24\%\), event \(B\) is more likely.

Event \(B\) is more likely. \(P(A) = 24\%\), and \(P(B) = 32\%\).

- What does “fair” mean in terms of the two winning probabilities? - Which numbers from \(1\) through \(8\) are prime? - For part b, identify the outcomes that satisfy both winning conditions.

1. Tim wins on the prime numbers \(2, 3, 5, 7\), so \(P(\text{Tim wins}) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 2. Sarah wins on \(5, 6, 7, 8\), so \(P(\text{Sarah wins}) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 3. The two players have equal winning probabilities, so the game is fair by the stated definition. 4. Both players win when the outcome is prime and greater than \(4\). The common outcomes are \(5\) and \(7\), so \(P(\text{both win}) = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\).

a) Yes. The game is fair because each player has a winning probability of \(50\%\). b) \(P(\text{both win}) = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\)

- Add the favorable and unfavorable parts to find the total number of parts. - Convert the decimal probability to a fraction. - Read “odds against” carefully. - Generalize the favorable-part fraction.

1. Odds of \(3\) to \(5\) mean \(3\) favorable parts and \(5\) unfavorable parts. Thus, \(P(\text{win})=\frac{3}{3+5}=\frac{3}{8}=0.375\). 2. Since \(0.375=\frac{3}{8}\), the favorable-to-unfavorable ratio is \(3:(8-3)=3:5\). 3. Odds against winning of \(9\) to \(1\) mean \(9\) losses for every \(1\) win. Thus, \(P(\text{win})=\frac{1}{9+1}=0.1\). 4. In general, \(P(\text{win})=\frac{x}{x+y}\).

a) \(\frac{3}{8}=0.375\) b) \(3\) to \(5\) c) \(\frac{1}{10}=0.1\) d) \(P(\text{win})=\frac{x}{x+y}\)

- Count the total number of equal sections. - Count the blue sections. - Find the one-spin probability as favorable sections divided by total sections. - For part b, multiply the number of spins by the probability from part a.

1. There are 4 blue sections out of 12 equal sections. 2. Therefore, the probability of a grand prize is \(\frac{4}{12} = \frac{1}{3}\). 3. In 150 spins, the expected number of grand prizes is \(150 \cdot \frac{1}{3} = 50\).

a) \(\frac{1}{3}\) b) About \(50\) grand prizes

- Count the blue sections and the total number of sections. - Find the probability of blue as favorable sections divided by total sections. - For part b, use the complement of landing on blue. - For part c, multiply \(120\) by the probability of landing on blue.

1. There are \(3\) blue sections out of \(8\) equal sections, so \(P(\text{blue}) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\). 2. The probability of not landing on blue is the complement: \(1 - \frac{3}{8} = \frac{5}{8} = 62.5\%\). 3. In \(120\) spins, the expected number of blue results is \(120 \cdot \frac{3}{8} = 45\).

a) \(\frac{3}{8}\), or \(37.5\%\) b) \(\frac{5}{8}\), or \(62.5\%\) c) About \(45\) times

- Count the total number of equal sections. - Recall which displayed numbers are prime. - For part a, combine the two lists and count any overlap only once. - For part b, keep only outcomes that satisfy both conditions.

1. The spinner has \(12\) equally likely outcomes. 2. For event \(A\), the red sections contain \(1, 5, 9, 13\), and the prime numbers are \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13\). Their union is \(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\), which gives \(8\) favorable outcomes. Therefore, \(P(A) = \frac{8}{12} = \frac{2}{3}\). 3. For event \(B\), the yellow sections contain \(3, 8, 12, 15\). The even yellow numbers are \(8\) and \(12\), so \(P(B) = \frac{2}{12} = \frac{1}{6}\).

a) \(P(A) = \frac{2}{3} \approx 66.7\%\) b) \(P(B) = \frac{1}{6} \approx 16.7\%\)

- Read the colors and numbers on the spinner carefully. - Use \(8\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - For part a, keep only outcomes that satisfy both conditions. - For part b, combine the two sets of outcomes and count any overlap only once. - Divide the favorable count by \(8\).

1. The spinner has \(8\) equally likely outcomes, so each section has probability \(\frac{1}{8}\). 2. For part a, the outcomes that are both odd and red are \(1\) and \(5\). Therefore, the probability is \(\frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}\). 3. For part b, the numbers greater than \(4\) are \(5, 6, 7, 8\), and the blue sections contain \(2\) and \(6\). Their union is \(2, 5, 6, 7, 8\), so the probability is \(\frac{5}{8}\).

a) \(\frac{1}{4}\), or \(25\%\) b) \(\frac{5}{8}\), or \(62.5\%\)

- Count the total number of equal sections on each spinner. - Count the prize sections on each spinner. - Divide the number of prize sections by the total number of sections. - Convert the fractions to percents before comparing them. - Identify which probability is greater.

1. Spinner A has \(10\) equal sections, and \(4\) are blue. Therefore, \(P(\text{win on A}) = \frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5} = 40\%\). 2. Spinner B has \(8\) equal sections, and \(3\) are green. Therefore, \(P(\text{win on B}) = \frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\). 3. Since \(40\% > 37.5\%\), Spinner A gives the greater chance of winning.

a) Spinner A: \(\frac{2}{5} = 40\%\); Spinner B: \(\frac{3}{8} = 37.5\%\) b) Spinner A

- Begin with the total number of balls. - For part a, combine the red balls and even-numbered balls, counting any overlap only once. - For part b, keep only balls that satisfy both conditions. - Convert each simplified fraction to a percent.

1. There are \(8\) equally likely balls. 2. For event \(A\), the red balls are red-\(1\), red-\(2\), and red-\(3\). The even-numbered balls are red-\(2\), blue-\(2\), and green-\(2\). Combining these without counting red-\(2\) twice gives \(5\) favorable balls. Therefore, \(P(A) = \frac{5}{8} = 62.5\%\). 3. For event \(B\), the non-green balls with numbers greater than \(1\) are red-\(2\), red-\(3\), blue-\(2\), and blue-\(3\). Thus, \(P(B) = \frac{4}{8} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\).

a) \(P(A) = \frac{5}{8} = 62.5\%\) b) \(P(B) = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\)

- Use the stated total and colored-section counts for each spinner. - Write each probability as favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes. - Compare the fractions using a common denominator. - You may also convert both probabilities to percents.

1. Spinner A has \(12\) equal sections, of which \(8\) are colored. Therefore, \(P(A) = \frac{8}{12} = \frac{2}{3}\). 2. Spinner B has \(10\) equal sections, of which \(7\) are colored. Therefore, \(P(B) = \frac{7}{10}\). 3. Using a common denominator of \(30\), \(\frac{2}{3} = \frac{20}{30}\) and \(\frac{7}{10} = \frac{21}{30}\). Since \(\frac{21}{30} > \frac{20}{30}\), Spinner B has the greater probability.

Spinner B has the greater probability. Its probability is \(\frac{7}{10} = 70\%\), compared with \(\frac{2}{3} \approx 66.7\%\) for Spinner A.

- Recall that an equally likely model requires each individual outcome to have the same chance. - Think about how section size affects the chance of landing on a section. - Count the total sections and the blue sections. - The blue and white events are complements.

1. Because all \(12\) sections have the same size, each section has the same probability of being selected. 2. There are \(3\) blue sections, so \(P(E_1) = \frac{3}{12} = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\). 3. There are \(12 - 3 = 9\) white sections, so \(P(E_2) = \frac{9}{12} = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\).

a) All \(12\) sections are the same size, so each section is equally likely. b) \(P(E_1) = \frac{1}{4} = 25\%\); \(P(E_2) = \frac{3}{4} = 75\%\)

- List all \(10\) balls by color and number. - For “or,” combine the favorable sets without counting overlap twice. - For “and,” keep only balls satisfying both conditions. - For “not red and not labeled \(1\),” exclude every ball having either unwanted property.

1. There are \(10\) equally likely balls. 2. For part a, the three red balls are favorable. The blue-\(2\) and green-\(2\) balls are also favorable, while red-\(2\) is already included. Therefore, there are \(5\) favorable balls, and the probability is \(\frac{5}{10} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 3. For part b, the blue balls with odd labels are blue-\(1\) and blue-\(3\). Therefore, the probability is \(\frac{2}{10} = \frac{1}{5} = 20\%\). 4. For part c, the non-red balls not labeled \(1\) are blue-\(2\), blue-\(3\), blue-\(4\), green-\(2\), and green-\(3\). Therefore, the probability is \(\frac{5}{10} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\).

a) \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\) b) \(\frac{1}{5} = 20\%\) c) \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\)

- Use \(10\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - List the section numbers satisfying each condition. - For “or,” combine the favorable sets without counting overlap twice. - In part d, “not odd” means even. - Divide each favorable count by \(10\) and simplify.

1. The spinner has \(10\) equally likely outcomes. 2. The even numbers are \(2, 4, 6, 8, 10\), so the probability in part a is \(\frac{5}{10} = \frac{1}{2} = 50\%\). 3. The green or yellow sections are numbered \(1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10\), so the probability in part b is \(\frac{6}{10} = \frac{3}{5} = 60\%\). 4. The numbers less than \(6\) are \(1, 2, 3, 4, 5\), and the blue sections are numbered \(4\) and \(9\). Their union is \(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9\), so the probability in part c is \(\frac{6}{10} = \frac{3}{5} = 60\%\). 5. A number that is not odd is even. Among the even-numbered sections, \(4, 6, 10\) are not green. Therefore, the probability in part d is \(\frac{3}{10} = 30\%\).

a) \(\frac{1}{2} = 50\%\) b) \(\frac{3}{5} = 60\%\) c) \(\frac{3}{5} = 60\%\) d) \(\frac{3}{10} = 30\%\)

- Which numbers from \(1\) through \(12\) are prime? - List every outcome that is prime or blue. - The complement contains every outcome in the sample space that is not in event \(A\). - What is the logical opposite of “condition 1 or condition 2”? - Count the outcomes outside event \(A\) and divide by the total number of equal sections.

1. The prime numbers from \(1\) through \(12\) are \(2, 3, 5, 7, 11\). 2. The blue sections are numbered \(9, 10, 11, 12\). Taking the union gives \(A = \{2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12\}\). 3. The complement consists of outcomes that are neither prime nor blue. Therefore, \(\overline{A} = \{1, 4, 6, 8\}\). 4. There are \(4\) outcomes in the complement out of \(12\) equally likely outcomes, so \(P(\overline{A}) = \frac{4}{12} = \frac{1}{3} \approx 33.3\%\).

a) \(A = \{2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12\}\) b) \(\overline{A}\): The number is not prime and the section is not blue. \(P(\overline{A}) = \frac{1}{3} \approx 33.3\%\)

- Use \(10\) as the total number of equally likely outcomes. - List the outcomes that satisfy each prize condition. - Combine the lists, but do not count an outcome twice if it wins more than one prize. - Divide the number of distinct winning outcomes by \(10\).

1. The spinner has \(10\) equally likely outcomes. 2. The yellow prime-numbered sections are \(2\) and \(7\). 3. The purple even-numbered sections are \(6, 8, 10\). 4. The consolation-prize sections are \(1\) and \(10\). 5. Combining the winning outcomes without counting \(10\) twice gives \(1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10\), for \(6\) favorable outcomes. Therefore, the probability is \(\frac{6}{10} = \frac{3}{5} = 60\%\).

The probability of winning at least one prize is \(\frac{3}{5}\), or \(60\%\).

- List every number from \(1\) through \(20\) that satisfies each condition. - Divide the number of favorable outcomes by \(20\). - Remember that \(1\) is not prime.

1. There are \(20\) equally likely outcomes. 2. The prime numbers are \(E_1 = \{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19\}\), giving \(8\) favorable outcomes. Thus, \(P(E_1) = \frac{8}{20} = \frac{2}{5} = 0.4\). 3. The multiples of \(4\) are \(E_2 = \{4, 8, 12, 16, 20\}\), giving \(5\) favorable outcomes. Thus, \(P(E_2) = \frac{5}{20} = \frac{1}{4} = 0.25\). 4. The perfect squares are \(E_3 = \{1, 4, 9, 16\}\), giving \(4\) favorable outcomes. Thus, \(P(E_3) = \frac{4}{20} = \frac{1}{5} = 0.2\).

a) \(E_1 = \{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19\}\); \(P(E_1) = 0.4\) b) \(E_2 = \{4, 8, 12, 16, 20\}\); \(P(E_2) = 0.25\) c) \(E_3 = \{1, 4, 9, 16\}\); \(P(E_3) = 0.2\)